Quality control of automated hyperspectral remote sensing measurements from a seaborne platform

Abstract. In this study four data quality flags are presented for automated and unmanned above-water hyperspectral optical measurements collected underway in the North Sea, The Minch, Irish Sea and Celtic Sea in April/May 2009. Coincident to these optical measurements a DualDome D12 (Mobotix, Germany) camera system was used to capture sea surface and sky images. The first three flags are based on meteorological conditions, to select erroneous incoming solar irradiance (ES) taken during dusk, dawn, before significant incoming solar radiation could be detected or under rainfall. Furthermore, the relative azimuthal angle of the optical sensors to the sun is used to identify possible sunglint free sea surface zones. A total of 629 spectra remained after applying the meteorological masks (first three flags). Based on this dataset, a fourth flag for sunglint was generated by analysing and evaluating water leaving radiance (LW) and remote sensing reflectance (RRS) spectral behaviour in the presence and absence of sunglint salient in the simultaneously available sea surface images. Spectra conditions satisfying "mean LW (700–950 nm)

[1]  K. Carder,et al.  Band-ratio or spectral-curvature algorithms for satellite remote sensing? , 2000, Applied optics.

[2]  M. Moline,et al.  Watercolors in the Coastal Zone , 2004 .

[3]  L. Prieur,et al.  Absorption by dissolved organic matter of the sea (yellow substance) in the UV and visible domains1 , 1981 .

[4]  P. Deschamps,et al.  SIMBAD: a field radiometer for satellite ocean-color validation. , 2004, Applied optics.

[5]  P. Deschamps,et al.  Reduction of skylight reflection effects in the above-water measurement of diffuse marine reflectance. , 1999, Applied optics.

[6]  Robert A. Arnone,et al.  Watercolors in the Coastal Zone: What Can We See? , 2004 .

[7]  Menghua Wang,et al.  An assessment of the black ocean pixel assumption for MODIS SWIR bands , 2009 .

[8]  Wei Li,et al.  Improving the description of sunglint for accurate prediction of remotely sensed radiances , 2008 .

[9]  Jaan Praks,et al.  A sun glint correction method for hyperspectral imagery containing areas with non-negligible water leaving NIR signal , 2009 .

[10]  S. Maritorena,et al.  Atmospheric correction of satellite ocean color imagery: the black pixel assumption. , 2000, Applied optics.

[11]  Godfrey L. Smith,et al.  Bright and dark ocean whitecaps observed in the infrared , 2005 .

[12]  S. Hooker.  Platform and Environmental Effects on Above-And In-Water Determinations of Water-Leaving Radiances , 2013 .

[13]  T. Eck,et al.  Sun photometric measurements of atmospheric water vapor column abundance in the 940‐nm band , 1997 .

[14]  Yoram J. Kaufman,et al.  Remote sensing of total precipitable water vapor in the near‐IR over ocean glint , 2000 .

[15]  Robert Frouin,et al.  Spectral reflectance of sea foam in the visible and near-infrared: In situ measurements and remote sensing implications , 1996 .

[16]  M. Pinkerton,et al.  Modification to the atmospheric correction of SeaWiFS ocean colour images over turbid waters , 2005 .

[17]  Charles H. Whitlock,et al.  Sea foam reflectance and influence on optimum wavelength for remote sensing of ocean aerosols , 1982 .

[18]  E. Aas,et al.  Estimates of radiance reflected towards the zenith at the surface of the sea , 2010 .

[19]  André Morel,et al.  Report of the working group on water color , 1980 .

[20]  I. Reda,et al.  Solar position algorithm for solar radiation applications , 2004 .

[21]  H. Gordon,et al.  Ship perturbation of irradiance measurements at sea. 1: Monte Carlo simulations. , 1985, Applied optics.

[22]  H. Gordon,et al.  Albedo of the ocean-atmosphere system: influence of sea foam. , 1977, Applied optics.

[23]  Samantha J. Lavender,et al.  Sun Glint Correction of High and Low Spatial Resolution Images of Aquatic Scenes: a Review of Methods for Visible and Near-Infrared Wavelengths , 2009, Remote. Sens..

[24]  K. Ruddick,et al.  Seaborne measurements of near infrared water‐leaving reflectance: The similarity spectrum for turbid waters , 2006 .

[25]  Menghua Wang,et al.  Evaluation of sun glint models using MODIS measurements , 2010 .

[26]  Jack W. Pierce,et al.  Modeling spectral diffuse attenuation, absorption, and scattering coefficients in a turbid estuary , 1990 .

[27]  Kenneth J. Voss,et al.  Spectral Reflectance of Whitecaps: Instrumentation, Calibration, and Performance in Coastal Waters , 1998 .

[28]  H. Dierssen.  Perspectives on empirical approaches for ocean color remote sensing of chlorophyll in a changing climate , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.