Measurement uncertainties due to non-ideal calibration standards for unknown thru calibration

In this paper an analytical derivation of vector network analyzer (VNA) measurement uncertainties due to non-ideal calibration standards for unknown thru calibration (UOSM or UXYZ) is presented. Simple equations for the sensitivity coefficients are obtained. This allows a deep insight into the error propagation mechanism as well as an easy implementation into calibration software.

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