The Modulation of Late Component Event Related Potentials by Pre-Stimulus EEG Theta Activity in ADHD

Electroencephalography (EEG) and Event Related Potentials (ERPs) studies in ADHD have generally been studied separately. This study examined these measures simultaneously in 54 adolescent unmedicated ADHD males and age and gender matched normal controls during an auditory oddball paradigm. Compared with controls, ADHD patients showed increased pre-stimulus EEG Theta activity and post-stimulus reduced N200 amplitude, increased P200 amplitude and delayed N200 and P300 latencies evoked to target stimuli. Moreover, Theta activity was negatively correlated with N200 amplitude and positively correlated with P200, N200 and P300 latency in ADHD. There were no correlations in the control group. Pre-stimulus preparatory state increases in Theta activity in ADHD may underlie some of the reported disturbances in information processing reflected in ADHD.

[1]  F. C. Schweitzer,et al.  Topographical analyses of attention disorders of childhood. , 1996, The International journal of neuroscience.

[2]  D. Cantwell,et al.  Physiological studies of the hyperkinetic child. I. , 1972, The American journal of psychiatry.

[3]  J. Blom,et al.  An electrode cap tested. , 1982, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[4]  M. R. Harter,et al.  Attention to pattern orientation: negative cortical potentials, reaction time, and the selection process. , 1980, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[5]  Robert J Barry,et al.  Age-related changes in quantitative EEG in attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder , 1999, Biological Psychiatry.

[6]  E. Donchin,et al.  Cognitive Psychophysiology and Human Information Processing , 1986 .

[7]  E. Donchin,et al.  Psychophysiology : systems, processes, and applications , 1987 .

[8]  H. Engeland,et al.  Associations between event-related potentials and measures of attention and inhibition in the Continuous Performance Task in children with ADHD and normal controls. , 1998, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[9]  R. Chabot,et al.  Quantitative electroencephalographic profiles of children with attention deficit disorder , 1996, Biological Psychiatry.

[10]  J Anderson,et al.  Classification of single-trial ERP sub-types: application of globally optimal vector quantization using simulated annealing. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[11]  J. Intriligator,et al.  On the relationship between background EEG and the P300 event-related potential , 1994, Biological Psychology.

[12]  C A Mann,et al.  Quantitative analysis of EEG in boys with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: controlled study with clinical implications. , 1992, Pediatric neurology.

[13]  E. Basar,et al.  P300-response: possible psychophysiological correlates in delta and theta frequency channels. A review. , 1992, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[14]  H. Engeland,et al.  Event-related brain potentials in children with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder: Effects of stimulus deviancy and task relevance in the visual and auditory modality , 1996, Biological Psychiatry.

[15]  R. McCarley,et al.  Event-related potentials in schizophrenia: their biological and clinical correlates and new model of schizophrenic pathophysiology , 1991, Schizophrenia Research.

[16]  J. Glowinski,et al.  The mesocortico-prefrontal dopaminergic neurons , 1984, Trends in Neurosciences.

[17]  M. Molnár,et al.  On the origin of the P3 event-related potential component. , 1994, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[18]  D. Cantwell,et al.  EEG ASPECTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION * , 1973, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[19]  E. Basar,et al.  Enhancement of visual evoked potentials by stimulation during low prestimulus EEG stages. , 1993, The International journal of neuroscience.

[20]  R. Oades,et al.  Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) and mismatch negativity (MMN) in healthy children and those with attention-deficit or tourette/tic symptoms , 1996, Biological Psychology.

[21]  Walter Ritter,et al.  The N2 component elicited by stimulus matches and multiple targets , 1988, Biological Psychology.

[22]  M. Timsit-Berthier,et al.  Intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials is pronounced in migraine , 1996, Neurology.

[23]  J. Lubar.  Discourse on the development of EEG diagnostics and biofeedback for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders , 1991, Biofeedback and self-regulation.

[24]  E Donchin,et al.  A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact. , 1983, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[25]  E Başar,et al.  P300 in freely moving cats with intracranial electrodes. , 1991, The International journal of neuroscience.

[26]  P. Holcomb,et al.  Auditory event-related potentials in attention and reading disabled boys. , 1986, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[27]  Y. Frank.  Visual Event Related Potentials after Methylphenidate and Sodium Valproate in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , 1993, Clinical EEG.

[28]  H. Engeland,et al.  Event-related potentials and performance of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Children and normal controls in auditory and visual selective attention tasks , 1997, Biological Psychiatry.

[29]  E. Basar,et al.  Important associations among EEG-dynamics, event-related potentials, short-term memory and learning. , 1985, The International journal of neuroscience.

[30]  T Janzen,et al.  Differences in baseline EEG measures for ADD and Normally Achieving preadolescent males , 1995, Biofeedback and self-regulation.

[31]  Georg Juckel,et al.  Intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials as an indicator of central serotonergic neurotransmission: A new hypothesis , 1993, Biological Psychiatry.

[32]  E Gordon,et al.  Quantified EEG Activity in Adolescent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , 1998, Clinical EEG.

[33]  J. Yordanova,et al.  Single-sweep analysis of the theta frequency band during an auditory oddball task. , 1998, Psychophysiology.

[34]  M Schürmann,et al.  Spontaneous EEG theta activity controls frontal visual evoked potential amplitudes. , 1998, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[35]  B Renault,et al.  An event-related potential study of controlled and automatic processes in 6-8-year-old boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[36]  T W Picton,et al.  Human auditory evoked potentials. II. Effects of attention. , 1974, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[37]  D. R. Smith,et al.  CHAPTER 6 – Wechsler Individual Achievement Test , 2001 .

[38]  S. Foote,et al.  Long-latency event-related potentials in squirrel monkeys: further characterization of wave form morphology, topography, and functional properties. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[39]  M. Taylor,et al.  Changes in event-related potentials with stimulant medication in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , 1993, Biological Psychology.

[40]  C. Basar-Eroglu,et al.  P300 response of hippocampus analyzed by means of multielectrodes in cats. , 1991, The International journal of neuroscience.

[41]  A. Schell,et al.  Preferential neural processing of attended stimuli in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal boys. , 1994, Psychophysiology.

[42]  J. Stamm,et al.  Evoked potential and behavioral signs of attentive dysfunctions in hyperactive boys. , 1980, Psychophysiology.

[43]  M. Brandt,et al.  Pre-stimulus spectral EEG patterns and the visual evoked response. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[44]  M. Buchsbaum,et al.  Average evoked responses in normal and minimally brain dysfunctioned children treated with amphetamine. , 1973, Archives of general psychiatry.

[45]  A. Schell,et al.  Topographic study of auditory event-related potentials in normal boys and boys with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. , 1988, Psychophysiology.

[46]  P. Holcomb,et al.  Cognitive event-related brain potentials in children with attention and reading deficits. , 1985, Psychophysiology.

[47]  Canan Basar-Eroglu,et al.  P300 response of hippocampus analyzed by means of multielectrodes in cats. , 1991 .

[48]  Robert J Barry,et al.  EEG analysis in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a comparative study of two subtypes , 1998, Psychiatry Research.

[49]  F. Levy.  The Dopamine Theory of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) , 1991, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[50]  J. Polich,et al.  On the relationship between EEG and P300: individual differences, aging, and ultradian rhythms. , 1997, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[51]  R. Klorman,et al.  Methylphenidate reduces abnormalities of stimulus classification in adolescents with attention deficit disorder. , 1992, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[52]  C. Mann,et al.  Differences in semantic event-related potentials in learning-disabled, normal, and gifted children , 1992, Biofeedback and self-regulation.

[53]  E Gordon,et al.  Simultaneous EEG and EDA measures in adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. , 1999, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[54]  A. Gale,et al.  A psychophysiological inquiry into the nature of the Sokolovian orienting response comparator model: skin conductance and EEG data , 1995, Biological Psychology.

[55]  J H Satterfield,et al.  Evoked potentials and brain maturation in hyperactive and normal children. , 1977, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[56]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Long-latency evoked potentials to irrelevant, deviant stimuli. , 1976, Behavioral biology.

[57]  R. Sangal,et al.  Prolonged P300 latency in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predicts poor response to imipramine. , 1996, Clinical EEG.

[58]  E. Gordon,et al.  Single trial variability within the P300 (250–500 ms) processing window in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , 1997, Psychiatry Research.

[59]  R. Klorman,et al.  Normalizing effects of methylphenidate on hyperactive children's vigilance performance and evoked potentials. , 1981, Psychophysiology.

[60]  Douglas K. Smith.  Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT) , 1999 .

[61]  S. Kuperman,et al.  Quantitative EEG differences in a nonclinical sample of children with ADHD and undifferentiated ADD. , 1996, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[62]  E Başar,et al.  A new approach to endogenous event-related potentials in man: relation between EEG and P300-wave. , 1984, The International journal of neuroscience.

[63]  R. Chabot,et al.  Sensitivity and Specificity of QEEG in Children with Attention Deficit or Specific Developmental Learning Disorders , 1996, Clinical EEG.

[64]  V Diekmann,et al.  The frontal theta rhythm indicating motor and cognitive learning. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[65]  E. Basar,et al.  Please Scroll down for Article International Journal of Neuroscience Prestimulus Eeg-activity Strongly Influences the Auditory Evoked Vertex Response: a New Method for Selective Averaging , 2022 .

[66]  T. Achenbach,et al.  Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and 1991 Profile , 1991 .

[67]  Y. Frank,et al.  Event-Related Potentials to an “Oddball” Auditory Paradigm in Children with Learning Disabilities with or without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , 1994, Clinical EEG.

[68]  R. Klorman,et al.  Effects of methylphenidate on hyperactive children's evoked responses during passive and active attention. , 1979, Psychophysiology.

[69]  S. Roux,et al.  Auditory stimulus intensity responses and frontal midline theta rhythm. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[70]  T. Achenbach.  Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile , 1991 .

[71]  Y. Okubo,et al.  A cross-national EEG study of children with emotional and behavioral problems: A WHO collaborative study in the Western Pacific region , 1993, Biological Psychiatry.

[72]  J. McCracken,et al.  Catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current perspectives. , 1996, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[73]  A. Schell,et al.  A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of age effects of electrophysiological measures in hyperactive and normal children. , 1984, Biological psychiatry.

[74]  B. Napolitano,et al.  Electrophysiological Changes in Children with Learning and Attentional Abnormalities as a Function of Age: Event-Related Potentials to an “Oddball” Paradigm , 1998, Clinical EEG.

[75]  M. Taylor,et al.  Effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a comparison of event-related potentials between medication responders and non-responders. , 1997, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[76]  H. Abikoff,et al.  Spatial orienting and focused attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. , 1995, Psychophysiology.

[77]  J. T. Marsh,et al.  Continuous-processing-related event-related potentials in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , 1996, Biological Psychiatry.

[78]  E. Basar,et al.  Event-related theta rhythms in cat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex during an omitted stimulus paradigm. , 1994, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[79]  Margot J. Taylor,et al.  Effect of Methylphenidate on Attention in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): ERP Evidence , 1999, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[80]  E Callaway,et al.  Hyperactive children's event-related potentials fail to support underarousal and maturational-lag theories. , 1983, Archives of general psychiatry.

[81]  R. Barry,et al.  Auditory event-related potentials to a two-tone discrimination paradigm in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , 1996, Psychiatry Research.

[82]  E. Basar,et al.  Theta rhythmicities following expected visual and auditory targets. , 1992, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[83]  J. Intriligator,et al.  On the relationship between EEG and ERP variability. , 1995, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[84]  M. Tanaka,et al.  Periodic appearance of theta rhythm in the frontal midline area during performance of a mental task. , 1980, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[85]  D. Javitt,et al.  Electrophysiological indices of information processing in methylphenidate responders , 1997, Biological Psychiatry.

[86]  A. Schell,et al.  Childhood brain function differences in delinquent and non-delinquent hyperactive boys. , 1984, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[87]  Thomas E. Freese,et al.  Ontogeny of selective attention effects on event-related potentials in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal boys , 1990, Biological Psychiatry.