Comparison of GRACE data and groundwater levels for the assessment of groundwater depletion in Jordan

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) derived groundwater storage (GWS) data are compared with in-situ groundwater levels from five groundwater basins in Jordan, using newly gridded GRACE GRCTellus land data. It is shown that (1) the time series for GRACE-derived GWS data and in-situ groundwater-level measurements can be correlated, with R2 from 0.55 to 0.74, (2) the correlation can be widely ascribed to the seasonal and trend component, since the detrended and deseasonalized time series show no significant correlation for most cases, implying that anomalous signals that deviate from the trend or seasonal behaviour are overlaid by noise, (3) estimates for water losses in Jordan based on the trend of GRACE data from 2003 to 2013 could be up to four times higher than previously assumed using estimated recharge and abstraction rates, and (4) a significant time-lagged cross correlation of the monthly changes in GRACE-derived groundwater storage and precipitation data was found, suggesting that the conventional method for deriving GWS from GRACE data probably does not account for the typical conditions in the study basins. Furthermore, a new method for deriving plausible specific yields from GRACE data and groundwater levels is demonstrated.RésuméLes données des réserves d’eau souterraine issues du système GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) sont comparées avec les données piézométriques mesurées in-situ dans cinq bassins hydrogéologiques en Jordanie, en utilisant une nouvelle grille de données GRSTellusland du système GRACE. Il a été montré que (1) les séries temporelles des données de la réserve en eau souterraine issues du système GRACE et les mesures piézométriques in-situ peuvent être corrélées, avec un coefficient R2 compris entre 0.55 et 0.74, (2) la corrélation peut être largement attribuée à la composante tendancielle et saisonnière, puisque les séries temporelles défaites de la tendance et désaisonnalisées ne montrent pas de corrélation significative dans la plupart des cas, ce qui indique que les signaux d’anomalies qui s’écartent de la tendance ou du comportement saisonnier sont couverts par le bruit de fond, (3) les estimations pour les pertes d’eau en Jordanie basées sur la tendance des données de GRACE de 2003 à 2013 pourraient être plus de quatre fois supérieures aux estimations antérieures de recharge et de taux de prélèvement, et (4) une importante corrélation croisée décalée dans le temps des variations mensuelles du stock d’eau souterraine dérivé des données de GRACE et des données de précipitations a été mise en évidence, suggérant que la méthode conventionnelle pour évaluer les réserves en eau souterraine à partir des données de GRACE ne tient probablement pas compte des conditions spécifiques des bassins étudiés. De plus, une nouvelle méthode pour dériver des productivités spécifiques plausibles à partir des données de GRACE et des niveaux piézométriques est démontrée.ResumenSe comparan los datos derivados del almacenamiento de agua subterránea (GWS) del Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) con los niveles de agua subterránea medidos in situ en cinco cuencas de aguas subterráneas en Jordania, utilizando los datos de GRACE GRCTellus reticulados recientemente. Se muestra que (1) la serie temporal de datos de GWS derivados de GRACE y las mediciones in situ del nivel del agua subterránea se pueden correlacionar con R2 a partir 0.55 a 0.74; (2) la correlación puede ser ampliamente atribuida a la componente estacional y a la tendencia , ya que la serie de tiempo desestacionalizada y sin tendencia no muestra ninguna correlación significativa en la mayoría de los casos, lo que implica que las señales anómalas que se apartan de la tendencia o comportamiento estacional, se superponen con el ruido, (3) las pérdidas de agua estimadas en Jordania sobre la base de la tendencia de los datos de GRACE 2003–2013 podría ser hasta cuatro veces mayor de lo que se supone usando las tasas de recarga y de extracción estimados, y (4) la correlación cruzada encontró que un tiempo significativo de retardo entre la variaciones mensuales de almacenamiento de agua subterránea derivada de GRACE y datos de precipitación, lo que sugiere que el método convencional para derivar GWS de los datos de GRACE, probablemente, no tiene en cuenta las condiciones típicas en las cuencas de estudio. Por otra parte, se muestra un nuevo método para derivar los posibles rendimientos específicos a partir de los datos de GRACE y de los niveles del agua subterránea.摘要利用新划分网格的GRACE GRCTellus土地数据,对GRACE导出的地下水储存数据和约旦5个地下水盆地现场的地下水位进行了对比。结果显示,(1)GRACE导出的地下水储存数据和现场地下水位测量结果的时间序列可以相互关联,R2的范围为0.55 到 0.74,(2)关联性广泛归因于季节性和趋势因素,因为大多数情况下去趋势化的和消除季节的时间序列没有显示出多大的关联性,意味着偏离趋势和季节性行为的异常信号被噪音覆盖,(3)根据2003年到2013年GRACE数据趋势得到的约旦水损耗估算结果可能是先前采用估算的补给和抽取率假设的结果的4倍,(4)发现GRACE导出的地下水储存量和降水数据月度变化有重要的时间延迟相互关联性,表明从GRACE数据导出地下水储存量的常规方法可能解释不了研究区的典型情况。此外,本文还论述了从GRACE数据和地下水位导出似乎可信的单位出水量的一种新方法。ResumoDados de armazenamento de água subterrânea (AAS) derivados do satélite GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) foram comparados com níveis de água subterrânea in-loco de cinco bacias subterrâneas na Jordânia. Utilizaram-se os novos dados em grade do GRACE (GRCTellus). Mostra-se que (1) as séries temporais para os dados de AAS derivados do GRACE e as medições in-loco de níveis de água subterrânea podem ser correlacionadas, com 0.55 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.74, (2) a correlação pode ser largamente atribuída às componentes de tendência e sazonalidade, uma vez que as séries temporais após remoção de tendência e sazonalidade não apresentam correlação significativa na maioria dos casos, indicando que sinais anômalos que desviam da tendência ou do comportamento sazonal são sobrepostos por ruído, (3) estimativas para perda de água na Jordânia baseadas em tendências de dados GRACE de 2003 a 2013 podem ser até quatro vezes maiores que as previamente assumidas utilizando a recarga estimada e taxas de abstração, e (4) uma significante correlação cruzada defasada no tempo entre mudanças mensais no armazenamento de água subterrânea derivada do GRACE e dados de precipitação foi encontrada, sugerindo que o método convencional para derivar AAS a partir de dados GRACE provavelmente não considera condições típicas da área de estudo. Além disso, um novo método para derivar rendimentos específicos plausíveis a partir de dados GRACE e níveis das águas subterrâneas é demonstrado.

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