Update on skin allergy

Skin diseases with an allergic background such as atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, and urticaria are very common. Moreover, diseases arising from a dysfunction of immune cells and/or their products often manifest with skin symptoms. This review aims to summarize recently published articles in order to highlight novel research findings, clinical trial results, and current guidelines on disease management. In recent years, an immense progress has been made in understanding the link between skin barrier dysfunction and allergic sensitization initiating the atopic march. In consequence, new strategies for treatment and prevention have been developed. Novel pathogenic insights, for example, into urticaria, angioedema, mastocytosis, led to the development of new therapeutic approaches and their implementation in daily patient care. By understanding distinct pathomechanisms, for example, the role of IL‐1, novel entities such as autoinflammatory diseases have been described. Considerable effort has been made to improve and harmonize patient management as documented in several guidelines and position papers.

[1]  A. Raz,et al.  Psychosocial factors and chronic spontaneous urticaria: a systematic review , 2013, Allergy.

[2]  R. Wood,et al.  Challenge-Proven Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Hypersensitivity in Children , 2014, Pediatrics.

[3]  D. Artis,et al.  Omalizumab therapy is associated with reduced circulating basophil populations in asthmatic children , 2014, Allergy.

[4]  M. Cicardi,et al.  Target levels of functional C1‐inhibitor in hereditary angioedema , 2012, Allergy.

[5]  T. Shiohara,et al.  The dynamics of herpesvirus reactivations during and after severe drug eruptions: their relation to the clinical phenotype and therapeutic outcome , 2014, Allergy.

[6]  R. Weaver,et al.  Identification and frequency of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes specific to Benzylpenicillin in healthy donors , 2013, Allergy.

[7]  S. Ziegler The role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in allergic disorders. , 2010, Current opinion in immunology.

[8]  H. Simon,et al.  Extracellular DNA traps in allergic, infectious, and autoimmune diseases , 2013, Allergy.

[9]  T. Ruzicka,et al.  Honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom induces AIM2 inflammasome activation in human keratinocytes , 2012, Allergy.

[10]  A. Heratizadeh,et al.  Impaired NLRP3 inflammasome expression and function in atopic dermatitis due to Th2 milieu , 2014, Allergy.

[11]  H. Moon,et al.  Validation of the cephalosporin intradermal skin test for predicting immediate hypersensitivity: a prospective study with drug challenge , 2013, Allergy.

[12]  G. Zlabinger,et al.  Differential activation of dendritic cells by toll-like receptors causes diverse differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells from allergic patients , 2014, Allergy.

[13]  R. Teshima,et al.  Sensitization to acid‐hydrolyzed wheat protein by transdermal administration to BALB/c mice, and comparison with gluten , 2012, Allergy.

[14]  T. Klingebiel,et al.  Risk of angioedema following invasive or surgical procedures in HAE type I and II – the natural history , 2013, Allergy.

[15]  P. Martus,et al.  Development and construct validation of the angioedema quality of life questionnaire , 2012, Allergy.

[16]  T. Bieber,et al.  Off‐label prescriptions for atopic dermatitis in Europe , 2015, Allergy.

[17]  T. Zuberbier,et al.  The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria: the 2013 revision and update. , 2014, Allergy.

[18]  P. Valent,et al.  Mast cell activation syndromes: definition and classification , 2013, Allergy.

[19]  M. Mildner,et al.  Histamine suppresses epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and impairs skin barrier function in a human skin model , 2012, Allergy.

[20]  S. Chirumbolo,et al.  Basophil activation test (BAT) in the diagnosis of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to radiocontrast media , 2013, Allergy.

[21]  S. Córdoba,et al.  Delayed allergic skin reactions due to intralesional meglumine antimoniate therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis , 2012, Allergy.

[22]  I. Heijnen,et al.  Skin prick test and basophil reactivity to cetuximab in patients with IgE to alpha‐gal and allergy to red meat , 2014, Allergy.

[23]  W. Aberer Angioedema is not just ‘deep urticaria’ but an entity of its own , 2014, Allergy.

[24]  A. Rodrigues,et al.  Vitamin A supplementation and BCG vaccination at birth may affect atopy in childhood: long‐term follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial , 2013, Allergy.

[25]  S. Scheurer,et al.  Epicutaneous immune modulation with Bet v 1 plus R848 suppresses allergic asthma in a murine model , 2014, Allergy.

[26]  S. Jariwala,et al.  The role of vitamin D in the immunopathogenesis of allergic skin diseases , 2012, Allergy.

[27]  Y. Kito,et al.  Skin recruitment of monomyeloid precursors involves human herpesvirus‐6 reactivation in drug allergy , 2013, Allergy.

[28]  M. Blanca,et al.  Diagnostic evaluation of patients with nonimmediate cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast media , 2012, Allergy.

[29]  M. Taniguchi,et al.  Epidemiological link between wheat allergy and exposure to hydrolyzed wheat protein in facial soap , 2014, Allergy.

[30]  A. Feilzer,et al.  Palladium‐induced Th2 cytokine responses reflect skin test reactivity , 2012, Allergy.

[31]  A. Romano,et al.  Natural evolution of skin‐test sensitivity in patients with IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity to cephalosporins , 2014, Allergy.

[32]  C. Moore,et al.  Association between presence of HLA-B*5701, HLA-DR7, and HLA-DQ3 and hypersensitivity to HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor abacavir , 2002, The Lancet.

[33]  S. Taylor,et al.  Challenges in testing genetically modified crops for potential increases in endogenous allergen expression for safety , 2013, Allergy.

[34]  C. West,et al.  Probiotics in primary prevention of allergic disease – follow‐up at 8–9 years of age , 2013, Allergy.

[35]  C. Bindslev‐Jensen,et al.  Diagnosis of penicillin allergy revisited: the value of case history, skin testing, specific IgE and prolonged challenge , 2013, Allergy.

[36]  B. Marsland,et al.  Thymic stromal lymphopoietin plays divergent roles in murine models of atopic and nonatopic airway inflammation , 2014, Allergy.

[37]  T. Zuberbier,et al.  Up-dosing with bilastine results in improved effectiveness in cold contact urticaria , 2013, Allergy.

[38]  S. Weidinger,et al.  Atopic dermatitis revisited , 2014, Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[39]  Jacqueline Adam,et al.  Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) associated drug hypersensitivity: consequences of drug binding to HLA , 2012, Allergy.

[40]  C. Bindslev‐Jensen,et al.  How not to miss autoinflammatory diseases masquerading as urticaria , 2012, Allergy.

[41]  A. Wollenberg,et al.  Atopic dermatitis, STAT3- and DOCK8-hyper-IgE syndromes differ in IgE-based sensitization pattern. , 2014, Allergy.

[42]  H. Simon,et al.  Th17 cells and tissue remodeling in atopic and contact dermatitis , 2014, Allergy.

[43]  R. Fimmers,et al.  TLR2 down‐regulates FcεRI and its transcription factor PU.1 in human Langerhans cells , 2013, Allergy.

[44]  T. Bieber Atopic dermatitis 2.0: from the clinical phenotype to the molecular taxonomy and stratified medicine , 2012, Allergy.

[45]  H. Simon,et al.  Thymic stromal lymphopoietin stimulates the formation of eosinophil extracellular traps , 2012, Allergy.

[46]  R. Asero,et al.  Chronic urticaria and coagulation: pathophysiological and clinical aspects , 2014, Allergy.

[47]  P. Schmid‐Grendelmeier,et al.  EAACI taskforce position paper: evidence for autoimmune urticaria and proposal for defining diagnostic criteria , 2013, Allergy.

[48]  T. Zuberbier,et al.  Recommendations for the allergy management in the primary care , 2014, Allergy.

[49]  M. Blanca,et al.  NSAID‐induced urticaria/angioedema does not evolve into chronic urticaria: a 12‐year follow‐up study , 2014, Allergy.

[50]  M. Blanca,et al.  Contributions of pharmacogenetics and transcriptomics to the understanding of the hypersensitivity drug reactions , 2014, Allergy.

[51]  J. Thyssen,et al.  The multiple factors affecting the association between atopic dermatitis and contact sensitization , 2014, Allergy.

[52]  M. Triggiani,et al.  Classification, diagnosis, and approach to treatment for angioedema: consensus report from the Hereditary Angioedema International Working Group , 2014, Allergy.

[53]  J. Hanifin,et al.  Systemic therapy of atopic dermatitis , 2000, Clinical and experimental dermatology.

[54]  M. Wjst,et al.  Low vitamin D serum level is inversely associated with eczema in children and adolescents in Germany , 2013, Allergy.

[55]  Yuan-Tsong Chen,et al.  HLA-B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[56]  J. Bernstein,et al.  Assessment of rebound and relapse following ecallantide treatment for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema , 2012, Allergy.

[57]  H. Williams,et al.  Towards global consensus on outcome measures for atopic eczema research: results of the HOME II meeting , 2012, Allergy.

[58]  T. Zuberbier,et al.  Methods report on the development of the 2013 revision and update of the EAACI/GA2 LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria. , 2014, Allergy.

[59]  P. Demoly,et al.  Skin test concentrations for systemically administered drugs – an ENDA/EAACI Drug Allergy Interest Group position paper , 2013, Allergy.

[60]  L. He,et al.  Chronic urticaria in Chinese population: a hospital‐based multicenter epidemiological study , 2014, Allergy.

[61]  A. Kong,et al.  Eczema phenotypes are associated with multiple vitamin D pathway genes in Chinese children , 2014, Allergy.

[62]  W. Aberer,et al.  Open‐label, multicenter study of self‐administered icatibant for attacks of hereditary angioedema , 2014, Allergy.

[63]  A. Goossens,et al.  Systemic contact dermatitis to corticosteroids , 2012, Allergy.

[64]  H. Saito,et al.  Cell type‐dependent effects of corticosteroid on periostin production by primary human tissue cells , 2013, Allergy.

[65]  R. Moncada,et al.  Early skin testing is effective for diagnosis of hypersensitivity reactions occurring during anesthesia , 2013, Allergy.

[66]  J. Li,et al.  Skin thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes airway sensitization to inhalant house dust mites leading to allergic asthma in mice , 2012, Allergy.

[67]  L. Schnitzler,et al.  Schnitzler's syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, and follow‐up , 2013, Allergy.

[68]  H. Kita,et al.  Group 2 innate lymphoid cells and CD4+ T cells cooperate to mediate type 2 immune response in mice , 2014, Allergy.

[69]  A. Romano,et al.  Allergy to betalactams and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD) gene polymorphisms , 2013, Allergy.

[70]  T. Bieber,et al.  Dupilumab treatment in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[71]  C. Flohr,et al.  New approaches to the prevention of childhood atopic dermatitis , 2014, Allergy.

[72]  R Fimmers,et al.  Characterization of different courses of atopic dermatitis in adolescent and adult patients , 2013, Allergy.

[73]  S. Jee,et al.  Genetic susceptibility to carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions , 2006, Pharmacogenetics and genomics.

[74]  M. Maurer,et al.  Platelet‐activating factor (PAF) induces wheal and flare skin reactions independent of mast cell degranulation , 2013, Allergy.

[75]  M. Akiyama,et al.  Comprehensive screening for a complete set of Japanese‐population‐specific filaggrin gene mutations , 2014, Allergy.

[76]  P. Demoly,et al.  Desensitization in delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions – an EAACI position paper of the Drug Allergy Interest Group , 2013, Allergy.

[77]  B. Niggemann,et al.  Peanut allergen in house dust of eating area and bed – a risk factor for peanut sensitization? , 2013, Allergy.

[78]  C. Hawrylowicz,et al.  Vitamin D deficiency induces Th2 skewing and eosinophilia in neonatal allergic airways disease , 2014, Allergy.

[79]  A. Dubois,et al.  Where to prick the apple for skin testing? , 2013, Allergy.

[80]  P. Demoly,et al.  Severe drug‐induced anaphylaxis: analysis of 333 cases recorded by the Allergy Vigilance Network from 2002 to 2010 , 2013, Allergy.

[81]  S. Nakae,et al.  Interleukin‐33 in allergy , 2012, Allergy.

[82]  A. Romano,et al.  Absence of cross‐reactivity to carbapenems in patients with delayed hypersensitivity to penicillins , 2013, Allergy.

[83]  R. Heddle,et al.  Randomized controlled trial of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on childhood allergies , 2013, Allergy.

[84]  P. Schmid‐Grendelmeier,et al.  Repeat treatment with icatibant for multiple hereditary angioedema attacks: FAST‐2 open‐label study , 2013, Allergy.

[85]  T. Hiragun,et al.  Prognosis of chronic spontaneous urticaria in 117 patients not controlled by a standard dose of antihistamine , 2013, Allergy.

[86]  C. Flohr,et al.  New insights into the epidemiology of childhood atopic dermatitis , 2014, Allergy.

[87]  A. Romano,et al.  Biological and genetic determinants of atopy are predictors of immediate‐type allergy to betalactams, in Spain , 2012, Allergy.

[88]  N. Novak,et al.  Immunology of atopic eczema: overcoming the Th1/Th2 paradigm , 2013, Allergy.

[89]  I. Barlan,et al.  Vitamin D as an adjunct to subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy in asthmatic children sensitized to house dust mite , 2014, Allergy.

[90]  J. Bousquet,et al.  Persistency of response to omalizumab therapy in severe allergic (IgE‐mediated) asthma , 2011, Allergy.

[91]  S. Simoens,et al.  Economic burden of inadequate management of allergic diseases in the European Union: a GA2LEN review , 2014, Allergy.

[92]  T. Illig,et al.  Increased efficacy of omalizumab in atopic dermatitis patients with wild‐type filaggrin status and higher serum levels of phosphatidylcholines , 2014, Allergy.

[93]  J. Dalphin,et al.  Usefulness of omalizumab in ten patients with severe occupational asthma , 2013, Allergy.

[94]  D. Lipsker,et al.  Unexplained recurrent fever: when is autoinflammation the explanation? , 2013, Allergy.

[95]  P. Demoly,et al.  International Consensus on drug allergy , 2014, Allergy.

[96]  M. Blanca,et al.  Diagnosis of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to radiocontrast media , 2013, Allergy.

[97]  S. Akira,et al.  Epicutaneously applied Der p 2 induces a strong TH2-biased antibody response in C57BL/6 mice, independent of functional TLR4 , 2014, Allergy.

[98]  K. Obtulowicz,et al.  Recombinant human C1 inhibitor for the prophylaxis of hereditary angioedema attacks: a pilot study , 2013, Allergy.

[99]  M. Longnecker,et al.  Triclosan exposure and allergic sensitization in Norwegian children , 2012, Allergy.

[100]  J. Stone,et al.  Prevalence of atopy, eosinophilia, and IgE elevation in IgG4‐related disease , 2014, Allergy.

[101]  M. Maurer,et al.  Practical algorithm for diagnosing patients with recurrent wheals or angioedema , 2013, Allergy.

[102]  E. Nizankowska-Mogilnicka,et al.  Classification and practical approach to the diagnosis and management of hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs , 2013, Allergy.

[103]  R. Zubarev,et al.  Protein biomarkers in vernix with potential to predict the development of atopic eczema in early childhood , 2013, Allergy.

[104]  H. Farkas,et al.  Short‐term prophylaxis in hereditary angioedema due to deficiency of the C1‐inhibitor – a long‐term survey , 2012, Allergy.

[105]  A. Bircher,et al.  Nonirritant intradermal skin test concentrations of ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, and rifampicin , 2012, Allergy.

[106]  M. Kowalski,et al.  A phenotype‐based classification of NSAIDs hypersensitivity: new patients, new challenges , 2014, Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[107]  T. Bieber,et al.  Atopic dermatitis: a candidate for disease‐modifying strategy , 2012, Allergy.

[108]  M. Triggiani,et al.  Proposed diagnostic algorithm for patients with suspected mastocytosis: a proposal of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis , 2014, Allergy.

[109]  K. Ahn,et al.  IgE‐mediated anaphylaxis and allergic reactions to idursulfase in patients with Hunter syndrome , 2013, Allergy.

[110]  M. P. Berges-Gimeno,et al.  Hypersensitivity and desensitization to antineoplastic agents: outcomes of 189 procedures with a new short protocol and novel diagnostic tools assessment , 2013, Allergy.

[111]  N. Novak,et al.  Atopic dermatitis – from new pathophysiologic insights to individualized therapy , 2011, Allergy.

[112]  M. Triggiani,et al.  Evidence‐based recommendations for the therapeutic management of angioedema owing to hereditary C1 inhibitor deficiency: consensus report of an International Working Group , 2012, Allergy.

[113]  C. Akdis,et al.  FcεRI stimulation promotes the differentiation of histamine receptor 1‐expressing inflammatory macrophages , 2013, Allergy.

[114]  H. Zar,et al.  International consensus on (ICON) pediatric asthma , 2012, Allergy.

[115]  C J Lodge,et al.  CD14 polymorphisms, microbial exposure and allergic diseases: a systematic review of gene–environment interactions , 2014, Allergy.

[116]  M. Triggiani,et al.  Icatibant treatment for acquired C1‐inhibitor deficiency: a real‐world observational study , 2012, Allergy.

[117]  P. Valent,et al.  The KIT D816V allele burden predicts survival in patients with mastocytosis and correlates with the WHO type of the disease , 2014, Allergy.

[118]  O. Peleg,et al.  Medical clowns ease anxiety and pain perceived by children undergoing allergy prick skin tests , 2014, Allergy.

[119]  D. Moneret-vautrin,et al.  Epidemiology of life‐threatening and lethal anaphylaxis: a review , 2005, Allergy.

[120]  A. Órfão,et al.  Contribution of highly sensitive diagnostic methods to the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis in the absence of skin lesions , 2012, Allergy.

[121]  D. Naisbitt,et al.  Multiple drug hypersensitivity: normal Treg cell function but enhanced in vivo activation of drug‐specific T cells , 2012, Allergy.

[122]  J. Schmitt,et al.  Nonallergic comorbidities of atopic eczema: an overview of systematic reviews , 2014, Allergy.

[123]  T. Zuberbier,et al.  Efficacy and safety of the interleukin‐1 antagonist rilonacept in Schnitzler syndrome: an open‐label study , 2012, Allergy.

[124]  M. Maurer,et al.  Interleukin‐31 does not induce immediate itch in atopic dermatitis patients and healthy controls after skin challenge , 2014, Allergy.

[125]  W. Pichler,et al.  NKp46+ cells express granulysin in multiple cutaneous adverse drug reactions , 2011, Allergy.

[126]  A. Lowe,et al.  Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march revisited , 2014, Allergy.

[127]  N. Hirasawa,et al.  The antagonism of histamine H1 and H4 receptors ameliorates chronic allergic dermatitis via anti‐pruritic and anti‐inflammatory effects in NC/Nga mice , 2012, Allergy.

[128]  Peter Natesan Pushparaj,et al.  Interleukin-33 amplifies IgE synthesis and triggers mast cell degranulation via interleukin-4 in naïve mice1 , 2012, Allergy.