Urban volumetrics: spatial complexity and wayfinding, extending space syntax to three dimensional space

Wayfinding behavior and pedestrian movement pattern research relies on objective spatial configuration representation and analysis, such as space syntax, to quantify and control for the difficulty of wayfinding in multi-level buildings and urban built environments. However, the space syntax's representation oversimplifies multi-level vertical connections. The more recent segment and angular approaches to space syntax remain un-operationalizable in three-dimensional space. The two-dimensional axial-map and segment map line representations are reviewed to determine their extension to three-dimensional space line representation. Using an extreme case study research strategy, four representations of a large scale complex multi-level outdoor and indoor built environment are tested against observed pedestrian movement patterns N = 17,307. Association with the movement patterns increases steadily as the representation increases toward high three-dimensional space level of definition and completeness. A novel hybrid angular-Euclidean analysis was used for the objective description of three-dimensional built environment complexity. The results suggest that pedestrian wayfinding and movement pattern research in a multi-level built environment should include interdependent outdoor and indoor, and use full threedimensional line representation.