La difficulte d’attirer du personnel de sante qualifie en milieu rural constitue un obstacle majeur a l’acces pour tous a des soins de qualite. Quinze ans d’experience de medecine de campagne au Mali temoignent toutefois de la possibilite, dans un contexte africain, de developper en zones rurales des pratiques de medecine communautaire, integrant soins curatifs individuels et activites de sante publique. Le mouvement des medecins de campagne au Mali s’inscrit dans le processus de decentralisation des soins, dans lequel les communautes et les Mairies jouent un role croissant : les medecins de campagne sont en effet le plus souvent recrutes par les communautes. Regroupes au sein de l’Association des Medecins de Campagne, ils adherent a une Charte commune et s’engagent a dispenser des soins de qualite et financierement accessibles. Un dispositif de qualite s’est progressivement mis en place impliquant plusieurs partenaires : une association professionnelle, une ONG de soutien, des universitaires et des gestionnaires du systeme de soins. Cet article decrit la genese de l’experience des medecins de campagne, la philosophie qui la © S Coulibaly, D Desplats, Y Kone, K Nimaga, S Dugas, G Farnarier, M Sy, H Balique, OK Doumbo, M Van Dormael, 2007. A licence to publish this material has been given to Education for Health: http://www.educationforhealth.net/ 2 sous-tend, les conditions qui l’ont rendue possible, les difficultes de mise en œuvre, les strategies pour y faire face, et l’evolution des partenariats. Il met en evidence le potentiel des professionnels de soins en Afrique pour sortir de l’impasse de soins de sante primaires limites a des maladies prioritaires, et pour offrir des reponses aux attentes immediates des communautes tout en assurant les activites necessaires a la sante publique. Financement: Le projet des medecins de campagne beneficie du soutien financier de l’Union Europeenne et de la Cooperation Francaise. L’appui technique de l’Institut de Medecine Tropicale d’Anvers est finance par la Cooperation Belge. Neighbourhood rural medicine: an experience of rural doctors in Mali English Abstract The main constraint to improving access to health services of quality in rural areas is to attract qualified health personnel in these areas. A fifteen years experience in rural health in Mali has shown that it is possible to develop community medicine practices in an African context that do integrate individual care and public health activities. The policy of decentralization of health services encouraged local communities and municipalities to recruit rural doctors themselves. An initiative of rural doctors materialized with this event as they founded a national association and adhere to the principles of a Charter to provide quality health care at an affordable cost. A mechanism of quality improvement was established with the participation of several partners: a professional association, a funding non-governmental organization, and groups of academic staff and health managers. This paper describes the evolution of the rural doctors’ experience, its philosophy, conditions that made it successful, constraints it had to overcome and the attitude of partners. It highlights the potential of health care personnel in Africa to provide primary health care well beyond traditional programs on prevalent diseases and to respond to both urgent individual needs and pressing public health requirements. Medicina rural comunitaria: una experiencia de medicos rurales en Mali Resumen Espanol El mayor obstaculo para mejorar el acceso a los servicios de salud de calidad en las areas rurales, es atraer personal de salud calificado para estas areas. La experiencia de quince anos de salud rural en Mali ha demostrado que es posible desarrollar practicas de medicina comunitaria en un contexto africano, integrando atencion individual y acciones de salud publica. La politica de descentralizacion de los servicios de salud estimulo a las comunidades locales y a los municipios a reclutar directamente medicos rurales. Una iniciativa de medicos rurales se materializo cuando ellos fundaron una asociacion nacional y se adhirieron a los principios de un Estatuto para proveer atencion a la salud de calidad y a un costo aceptable. Se establecio un mecanismo para mejorar la calidad, con la participacion de varios actores involucrados: una asociacion profesional, una organizacion no gubernamental filantropica, grupos de academicos y administradores de salud.
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