Erfahrungen und Lernkurve mit der transapikalen Aortenklappenimplantation

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und Fragestellung:Die transapikale Aortenklappenimplantation hat sich bei Hochrisikopatienten mit degenerativer Aortenklappenstenose zu einer alternativen Therapieoption zum konventionellen Aortenklappenersatz entwickelt. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war, basierend auf den eigenen Erfahrungen mit diesem Verfahren, eine etwaige Lernkurve zu analysieren.Patienten und Methodik:Am Westdeutschen Herzzentrum Essen wurden zwischen Oktober 2007 und Mai 2009 40 Hochrisikopatienten (mittleres Alter: 82 ± 5 Jahre, logistischer EuroSCORE: 42% ± 16%) mit symptomatischer Aortenklappenstenose im Hybridoperationssaal einer transapikalen Aortenklappenimplantation (ballonexpandierbare Sapien™-Bioprothese, Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) unterzogen. Zur Evaluation einer etwaigen Lernkurve wurden die Patienten zwei Gruppen zugeteilt (1. Hälfte, n = 20: 10/2007 bis 10/2008; 2. Hälfte, n = 20: 11/2008 bis 05/2009) und diese verglichen.Ergebnisse:Alle Aortenklappenimplantationen bis auf eine waren erfolgreich (prozedurale Erfolgsrate: 97,5%), und eine Klappenmigration/-embolisation oder ein akuter Koronararterienverschluss wurde nicht beobachtet. Im Vergleich beider Gruppen zeigte sich eine signifikante Reduktion der Operationszeit, der Durchleuchtungszeit sowie des Kontrastmittelverbrauchs (139 ± 30 min vs. 112 ± 41 min; 6,8 ± 1,9 min vs. 5,5 ± 1,5 min; 226 ± 75 ml vs. 169 ± 23 ml; p ≤ 0,05). Die für die klassische Technik prognostizierte 30-Tage-Letalität lag bei 51% ± 14% (logistischer EuroSCORE) bzw. 20% ± 11% (STS-Score [Society of Thoracic Surgeons]) für die ersten 20 Patienten bzw. 32% ± 12% und 13% ± 7% für die zweiten 20 Patienten. Die beobachtete 30-Tage-Letalität betrug 25% für die ersten 20 Patienten und 10% für die zweiten 20 Patienten.Schlussfolgerung:Diese Ergebnisse spiegeln die Erfahrungen der Autoren mit der transapikalen Aortenklappenimplantation bei Patienten mit deutlich erhöhtem Operationsrisiko für den konventionellen Aortenklappenersatz wider und zeigen eine Lernkurve mit Verringerung von Morbidität und Letalität auf. Als ursächlich für die Verbesserung der Ergebnisse erachten die Autoren 1. eine geeignete Patientenselektion mit Berücksichtigung spezifischer Risikofaktoren, 2. eine sorgfältige präoperative Patientenvorbereitung, 3. ein optimiertes interventionelles und chirurgisches Vorgehen sowie 4. eine regelmäßige Anwendung dieser neuen Methode.AbstractBackground and Purpose:Transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation has emerged as an alternative to conventional aortic valve replacement in high-risk patients with degenerative aortic valve stenosis. The aim of this study was to assess a potential learning curve with the former technique based on the own experience with this novel procedure.Patients and Methods:40 consecutive high-risk patients (82 ± 5 years, logistic EuroSCORE 42% ± 16%) with symptomatic aortic valve stenosis underwent transapical aortic valve implantation (balloon expandable Sapien™ bioprosthesis, Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) in the hybrid operating room between October 2007 and May 2009 at the West German Heart Center Essen. To assess a potential learning curve, patients were allocated and compared according to the implantation date (initial n = 20: 10/2007 to 10/2008; second n = 20: 11/2008 to 05/2009).Results:All but one transapical aortic valve implantations were successful (procedural success rate 97.5%) and no prosthesis migration/embolization or coronary artery obstruction was observed. Comparing the groups, procedural time, fluoroscopy time, and contrast media volume decreased significantly (139 ± 30 min vs. 112 ± 41 min; 6.8 ± 1.9 min vs. 5.5 ± 1.5 min; 226 ± 75 ml vs. 169 ± 23 ml; p ≤ 0,05). Predicted 30-day mortality for patients operated upon within the 1st period was 51% ± 14% (logistic EuroSCORE) and 20% ± 11% (STS Score [Society of Thoracic Surgeons]) compared hochto 32% ± 12% and 13% ± 7% in the 2nd period, while observed 30-day mortality decreased from 25% to 10%.Conclusion:This study reflects the authors’ experience with transapical aortic valve implantation in patients presenting with a high surgical risk for conventional aortic valve replacement. Within this patient cohort improved clinical outcome, and lower morbidity and mortality demonstrate a learning curve. Improved results were achieved by (1) patient selection with regard to specific procedure-related risk factors, (2) careful preoperative patient preparation, (3) an optimum interventional and surgical approach, and (4) continuous application of this new procedure.

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