A preliminary investigation of short-term cytokine expression in gingival crevicular fluid secondary to high-level orthodontic forces and the associated root resorption: case series analytical study

BackgroundOrthodontically induced iatrogenic root resorption (OIIRR) is an unavoidable inflammatory process. Several factors claimed to be related to the severity of OIIRR. Orthodontic forces cause micro-trauma to the periodontal ligament and activate a cascade of cellular events associated with local periodontal inflammation. The purpose of this split-mouth study were (1) to investigate the changes in cytokine profile in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) secondary to heavy orthodontic forces and (2) to compare the cytokine expression between participants showing high and low root resorption.MethodsEight participants requiring maxillary first premolar extractions involved in this study. The teeth on the tested side (TS) received 225 g of controlled buccal tipping force for 28 days, while the contralateral teeth act as a control (CS). GCF was collected from both TS and CS teeth at 0 h (prior to application of force) and 3 h, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days and 28 days after the application of force, and analysed with multiplex bead immunoassay to determine the cytokine levels.ResultsStatistically significant temporal increase was found in the TS teeth for tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) at 3 h and 28 days (p = 0.01). Interleukin 7 (IL-7) significantly peaked at the 28th day. Comparing cytokine profile for participants with high and low root resorption (>0.35 and <0.15 mm3, respectively), the levels of GM-CSF was significantly greater in low root resorption cases (p < 0.05). The amounts of root resorption which craters on mesial, distal surfaces and middle third region were significant in the TS teeth (p < 0.05).ConclusionsIL-7 and TNF-α (pro-resorptive cytokine) increased significantly secondary to a high-level of orthodontic force application. Significantly high levels of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (anti-resorptive cytokine) were detected in mild root resorption cases secondary to high-level orthodontic force application. A future long-term randomised clinical trial with larger sample taking in consideration gender, age and growth pattern distribution would be recommended.

[1]  A. Togari,et al.  Differential Expression of RANKL and Osteoprotegerin in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Periodontitis , 2004, Journal of dental research.

[2]  M. Davie,et al.  Osteoclasts are not the major source of interleukin-6 in mouse parietal bones. , 1996, Bone.

[3]  O. Kharbanda,et al.  Physical properties of root cementum: Part 3. Hardness and elastic modulus after application of light and heavy forces. , 2005, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[4]  Evlambia Harokopakis-Hajishengallis.  Physiologic root resorption in primary teeth: molecular and histological events. , 2007, Journal of oral science.

[5]  Seong-Ho Choi,et al.  Effects of continuous and interrupted orthodontic force on interleukin-1beta and prostaglandin E2 production in gingival crevicular fluid. , 2004, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[6]  G. Perinetti,et al.  Aspartate aminotransferase activity in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic treatment. A controlled short-term longitudinal study. , 2003, Journal of periodontology.

[7]  N. Brezniak,et al.  Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part I: The basic science aspects. , 2009, The Angle orthodontist.

[8]  O Malmgren,et al.  Evaluation of the risk of root resorption during orthodontic treatment: a study of upper incisors. , 1988, European journal of orthodontics.

[9]  K Reitan,et al.  Initial tissue behavior during apical root resorption. , 2009, The Angle orthodontist.

[10]  G. K. Johnson,et al.  Prostaglandin E (PGE) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in gingival crevicular fluid during human orthodontic tooth movement , 1994 .

[11]  Takahisa Sasaki.  Differentiation and functions of osteoclasts and odontoclasts in mineralized tissue resorption , 2003, Microscopy research and technique.

[12]  Kaare Reitan,et al.  Effects Of Force Magnitude And Direction Of Tooth Movement On Different Alveolar Bone Types , 2009 .

[13]  Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman,et al.  Hyalinization during orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review on tissue reactions. , 2009, European journal of orthodontics.

[14]  S. Williams.  A histomorphometric study of orthodontically induced root resorption. , 1984, European journal of orthodontics.

[15]  P Rygh,et al.  Orthodontic root resorption studied by electron microscopy. , 2009, The Angle orthodontist.

[16]  Y. Kadono,et al.  Osteoimmunology: interplay between the immune system and bone metabolism. , 2006, Annual review of immunology.

[17]  T. Ozer,et al.  Interleukins 2, 6, and 8 levels in human gingival sulcus during orthodontic treatment. , 2006, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[18]  M V Swain,et al.  Physical properties of root cementum: Part I. A new method for 3-dimensional evaluation. , 2001, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[19]  E. Jimi,et al.  Activation of NF-κB Is Involved in the Survival of Osteoclasts Promoted by Interleukin-1* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[20]  E. Everett,et al.  Genetic Predisposition to External Apical Root Resorption in Orthodontic Patients: Linkage of Chromosome-18 Marker , 2003, Journal of dental research.

[21]  J. Hartsfield.  Pathways in external apical root resorption associated with orthodontia. , 2009, Orthodontics & craniofacial research.

[22]  A. Keegan,et al.  IL-4 suppresses osteoclast development and mature osteoclast function by a STAT6-dependent mechanism: irreversible inhibition of the differentiation program activated by RANKL. , 2003, Blood.

[23]  T. Deguchi,et al.  Increase of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in gingival crevicular fluid during human orthodontic tooth movement. , 1996, Archives of oral biology.

[24]  Wei-Ping Qian,et al.  IL-7 induces bone loss in vivo by induction of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and tumor necrosis factor α from T cells , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  M. Yamaguchi,et al.  Relationship between substance P and interleukin-1beta in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement in adults. , 2005, European journal of orthodontics.

[26]  Allan S Jones,et al.  Physical properties of root cementum: part 8. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of controlled intrusive light and heavy orthodontic forces: a microcomputed tomography scan study. , 2006, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[27]  E. Korn,et al.  Apical root resorption in orthodontically treated adults. , 1996, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[28]  Y. Bi,et al.  Cytokines synergistically induce osteoclast differentiation: support by immortalized or normal calvarial cells. , 2002, American journal of physiology. Cell physiology.

[29]  Y. Shibasaki,et al.  Immunolocalization of vacuolar‐type H+‐ATPase, cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase‐9, and receptor activator of NFkB ligand in odontoclasts during physiological root resorption of human deciduous teeth , 2001, The Anatomical record.

[30]  E. Rossomando,et al.  Orthodontic forces increase tumor necrosis factor α in the human gingival sulcus , 1995 .

[31]  P. de Vos,et al.  Cytokine profiles in crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement of short and long durations. , 2007, Journal of periodontology.

[32]  E. Everett,et al.  GENETIC FACTORS IN EXTERNAL APICAL ROOT RESORPTION AND ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT. , 2004, Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists.

[33]  S. Marks,et al.  Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in mononuclear and multinuclear cells during the bone resorption of tooth eruption. , 1987, The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society.

[34]  A. Kuijpers-Jagtman,et al.  Cytokine levels in crevicular fluid are less responsive to orthodontic force in adults than in juveniles. , 2002, Journal of clinical periodontology.

[35]  Y. Kadono,et al.  Osteoclast differentiation independent of the TRANCE–RANK–TRAF6 axis , 2005, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[36]  I. Mjör,et al.  Pulp and dentine reactions to experimental tooth intrusion. A histologic study of the initial changes. , 1970, American journal of orthodontics.

[37]  K. Balos,et al.  Levels of interleukin-8 during tooth movement. , 2005, The Angle orthodontist.

[38]  E. Chan,et al.  Physical properties of root cementum: part 7. Extent of root resorption under areas of compression and tension. , 2006, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[39]  T. Deguchi,et al.  Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor, and beta 2-microglobulin levels are elevated in gingival crevicular fluid during human orthodontic tooth movement. , 1996, Journal of dental research.

[40]  L. Linge,et al.  Apical root resorption in upper anterior teeth. , 1983, European journal of orthodontics.

[41]  Hiroshi Takayanagi,et al.  Interplay between interferon and other cytokine systems in bone metabolism , 2005, Immunological reviews.

[42]  Katherine W L Vig,et al.  Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review. , 2010, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[43]  N. Brezniak,et al.  Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part II: The clinical aspects. , 2009, The Angle orthodontist.