Electrochromic and optical waveguide studies of corona-poled electro-optic polymer films

Real-time monitoring of the corona-poling process that is used to create a bulk second-order nonlinear-optical susceptibility was accomplished by observing electrochromic shifts and intensity decreases of charge-transfer absorption bands in both dye-doped and covalently functionalized polymer films. By measuring small changes in the refractive-index anisotropy, the optical waveguiding technique was demonstrated to be a sensitive measure of the poling-induced order and its relaxation. The guest–host systems were formed from the dyes N,N-dimethylaminonitrostilbene, N,N-dimethylindoaniline (Phenol Blue), and 4-(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-ethyl)-amino-4′-nitroazobenzene (Disperse Red 1), each dissolved in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix. The covalently functionalized polymers contained pendant para-nitroaniline (PNA) moieties. The first, poly(N-(4-nitrophenyl)allylamine), was formed from a poly(allylamine) derivative and is called PPNA. The second was based on poly(hydroxystyrene), with PNA attachment occurring between the phenol group and the PNA hydroxyethyl group; this polymer is named PHS-MENA. The final polymer is a linear epoxy (bisphenol A) with the PNA amino N atoms forming a link in the main chain; it is called Bis A-NA. A sample calculation demonstrated the use of experimental electrochromic spectral data to estimate the electro-optic coefficients.

[1]  M. Sarrafzadeh.  Department of electrical engineering and computer science , 1990, SIGD.

[2]  Gary C. Bjorklund,et al.  Novel second‐order nonlinear optical polymers via chemical cross‐linking‐induced vitrification under electric field , 1989 .

[3]  Jerome D. Swalen,et al.  Corona poling and real‐time second‐harmonic generation study of a novel covalently functionalized amorphous nonlinear optical polymer , 1989 .

[4]  Stephen T. Kowel,et al.  Second-harmonic generation and absorption studies of polymer-dye films oriented by corona-onset poling at elevated temperatures , 1989 .

[5]  L. Schein,et al.  Hole mobilities that decrease with increasing electric fields in a molecularly doped polymer , 1988 .

[6]  R. B. Comizzoli,et al.  Electro‐optic phase modulation and optical second‐harmonic generation in corona‐poled polymer films , 1988 .

[7]  Tobin J. Marks,et al.  Persistent, efficient frequency doubling by poled annealed films of a chromophore-functionalized poly(p-hydroxystyrene) , 1988 .

[8]  R. Young,et al.  Electrochromism of an aggregating thiapyrylium dye , 1988 .

[9]  G. F. Lipscomb,et al.  Poled electro‐optic waveguide formation in thin‐film organic media , 1988 .

[10]  A. Heeger,et al.  Nonlinear optical properties of polymers , 1988 .

[11]  Paras N. Prasad,et al.  Nonlinear Optical and Electroactive Polymers , 1988 .

[12]  Kenneth D. Singer,et al.  Greatly enhanced second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities in donor-acceptor organic molecules , 1987 .

[13]  A. Safari,et al.  Dielectric Properties of Azo Dye-Poly(methyl methacrylate) Mixtures , 1987 .

[14]  Joseph Zyss,et al.  Nonlinear optical properties of organic molecules and crystals , 1987 .

[15]  Kenneth D. Singer,et al.  Second harmonic generation in poled polymer films , 1986 .

[16]  David J. Williams,et al.  Nonlinear optical properties of organic and polymeric materials , 1983 .

[17]  W. M. Prest,et al.  The origin of the optical anisotropy of solvent cast polymeric films , 1979 .

[18]  E. E. Havinga,et al.  Electrochromism of Substituted Polyalkenes in Polymer Matrices; Influence of Chain Length on Charge Transfer , 1979 .

[19]  T. K. Kwei,et al.  Chapter 6 – PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF MACROMOLECULES , 1979 .

[20]  M. Tacke,et al.  Properties of polymeric thin films by integrated optical techniques , 1977 .

[21]  H. Labhart,et al.  Light modulation by electrochromism. , 1976, Applied optics.

[22]  B. F. Levine,et al.  Donor—acceptor charge transfer contributions to the second order hyperpolarizability , 1976 .

[23]  R Ulrich,et al.  Measurement of thin film parameters with a prism coupler. , 1973, Applied optics.

[24]  J. Stevenson,et al.  The linear electrochromic effect in metanitroaniline , 1973 .

[25]  K. Yamaoka,et al.  Electric dichroism studies of macromolecules in solutions. I. Theoretical considerations of electric dichroism and electrochromism. , 1972, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[26]  S. K. Kurtz,et al.  Maker Fringes: A Detailed Comparison of Theory and Experiment for Isotropic and Uniaxial Crystals , 1970 .

[27]  S. Kielich,et al.  Optical second-harmonic generation by electrically polarized isotropic media , 1969 .

[28]  W. Liptay.  Electrochromism and Solvatochromism , 1969 .

[29]  W. Donath,et al.  Stark Effect of Phenol Blue (Electrochromism) , 1964 .

[30]  J. Ferry.  Viscoelastic properties of polymers , 1961 .