A Field Experimental Investigation of Managerially Facilitated Consumer-to-Consumer Interaction

ABSTRACT Positive social interactions among consumers are considered increasingly important elements in corporate relationship marketing efforts. There is scant empirical research, however, demonstrating the effect of consumer interactions facilitated by service industry managers on consumer evaluations and behavioral intentions. This study employs a field experimental methodology utilizing four half-day cultural heritage tours (n = 156) to examine consumer-to-consumer (C-to-C) interactions within the group travel context. Research findings demonstrate that managerially facilitated C-to-C interactions significantly increase tour member satisfaction and enjoyment. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed, and calls are made for more field experimental methodologies to be used in tourism research.

[1]  Asli D.A. Tasci,et al.  Measurement of destination brand bias using a quasi-experimental design , 2007 .

[2]  John A. Czepiel,et al.  The Service encounter : managing employee/customer interaction in service businesses , 1985 .

[3]  G. Tunnell Three Dimensions of Naturalness: An Expanded Definition of Field Research , 1977 .

[4]  C. Chi,et al.  Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach , 2008 .

[5]  Linda L. Price,et al.  Commercial Friendships: Service Provider–Client Relationships in Context , 1999 .

[6]  A. Mattila,et al.  Restaurant Servicescape, Service Encounter, and Perceived Congruency on Customers' Emotions and Satisfaction , 2010 .

[7]  Cathy Goodwin,et al.  Beyond Smiling: Social Support and Service Quality , 1994 .

[8]  R. Rust,et al.  Customer satisfaction, customer retention, and market share , 1993 .

[9]  Hanquin Q. Zhang,et al.  Application of importance-performance model in tour guides’ performance: evidence from mainland Chinese outbound visitors in Hong Kong , 2004 .

[10]  M. Clark,et al.  Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. , 1979 .

[11]  A. Pizam,et al.  Planning a tourism research investigation. , 1987 .

[12]  R. Fisk,et al.  The impact of other customers on service experiences: A critical incident examination of “getting along” , 1997 .

[13]  C. Chaspoul Weather and tourism. , 2002 .

[14]  John A. Czepiel Service encounters and service relationships: Implications for research , 1990 .

[15]  Linda L. Price,et al.  Going to Extremes: Managing Service Encounters and Assessing Provider Performance , 1995 .

[16]  Y. Reisinger,et al.  Japanese tourists' perceptions of their tour guides: Australian experience , 1994 .

[17]  Andrew J. Czaplewski,et al.  Customer-to-customer exchange: Its MOA antecedents and its impact on value creation and loyalty , 2007 .

[18]  鄭宇庭 行銷硏究 : Marketing research , 2009 .

[19]  Cathy H. C. Hsu,et al.  The Impact of Customer-to-Customer Interaction on Cruise Experience and Vacation Satisfaction , 2010 .

[20]  K. Butcher,et al.  Differential impact of social influence in the hospitality encounter , 2005 .

[21]  Charles L. Martin Consumer-to-Consumer Relationships: Satisfaction with Other Consumers' Public Behavior , 1996 .

[22]  K. Jones,et al.  Employee performance cues in a hotel service environment: Influence on perceived service quality, value, and word-of-mouth intentions , 1996 .

[23]  Woo Gon Kim,et al.  Effects of Relationship Marketing on Repeat Purchase and Word of Mouth , 2001 .

[24]  Robert Fisher,et al.  International Pleasure Travel Motivations and Post-Vacation Cultural Attitude Change , 1991 .

[25]  Robert S. Moore,et al.  The impact of customer‐to‐customer interactions in a high personal contact service setting , 2005 .

[26]  C. Ranaweera,et al.  On the relative importance of customer satisfaction and trust as determinants of customer retention and positive word of mouth , 2003 .

[27]  J. Ratcliffe,et al.  Customers as oral participants in a service setting , 1995 .

[28]  Cathy Goodwin,et al.  Friendship over the counter: How social aspects of service encounters influence consumer service loyalty , 1996 .

[29]  Steve Baron,et al.  Conversations during purchase consideration: sales assistants and customers , 1997 .

[30]  Networks of Customer-to-Customer Relationships in Marketing: Conceptual Foundations and Implications , 1996 .

[31]  Charles L. Martin,et al.  Compatibility Management: Customer‐to‐Customer Relationships in Service Environments , 1989 .

[32]  C. Goodwin Communality as a Dimension of Service Relationships , 1996 .

[33]  L. Berry Relationship marketing of services—growing interest, emerging perspectives , 1995 .

[34]  Cathy Parker,et al.  An analysis of role adoptions and scripts during customer‐to‐customer encounters , 2000 .

[35]  Greg Richards Youth travel matters: understanding the global phenomenon of youth travel. , 2008 .

[36]  E. Cohen The tourist guide: the origins, structure and dynamics of a role. , 1985 .

[37]  R. Putnam Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital , 1995, The City Reader.

[38]  S. Hunt,et al.  The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing , 1994 .

[39]  Cele C. Otnes,et al.  Unacquainted influencers: When strangers interact in the retail setting , 1995 .

[40]  Susan Greener,et al.  Business Research Methods , 2008 .

[41]  F. F. Reichheld,et al.  Zero defections: quality comes to services. , 1990, Harvard business review.

[42]  Claes Fornell,et al.  A Customer Satisfaction Research Prospectus , 1994 .

[43]  Girish Prayag,et al.  TOURISTS' EVALUATIONS OF DESTINATION IMAGE, SATISFACTION, AND FUTURE BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS—THE CASE OF MAURITIUS , 2009 .

[44]  S. Iso-Ahola,et al.  Sightseeing tourists' motivation and satisfaction , 1991 .

[45]  Donald E. Vinson,et al.  The use of students as experimental subjects in marketing research , 1978 .

[46]  B. Cova Community and consumption , 1997 .

[47]  Visitor Communities , 2005 .

[48]  R. Hutchinson A critique of race, ethnicity, and social class in recent leisure-recreation research. , 1988 .

[49]  Dwayne D. Gremler,et al.  Why Customers Build Relationships with Companies — and Why Not , 2000 .

[50]  Kuo-Ching Wang,et al.  GPTCCC: An instrument for measuring group package tour service , 2007 .

[51]  A. Parasuraman,et al.  SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. , 1988 .

[52]  F. J. McGuigan Experimental Psychology Methods of Research , 1983 .

[53]  Katherine N. Lemon,et al.  What Drives Customer Equity , 2002 .

[54]  Carolyn A. Massiah,et al.  When Customers Receive Support From Other Customers: Exploring the Influence of Intercustomer Social Support on Customer Voluntary Performance , 2007 .

[55]  J. J. Cronin,et al.  Some New Thoughts on Conceptualizing Perceived Service Quality: A Hierarchical Approach , 2001 .

[56]  Feifei Xu,et al.  Student Travel Experiences: Memories and Dreams , 2009 .

[57]  L. Fall,et al.  Lions and Tigers and Bears, Oh My! An Examination of Membership Communication Programs Among Our Nation's Zoos , 2005 .

[58]  Arun Sharma,et al.  Perceptions of incompatibility in customer‐to‐customer interactions: examining individual level differences , 2006 .

[59]  J. Hunt,et al.  The Influence of Weather Context on Winter Resort Evaluations by Visitors , 1997 .

[60]  T. Baum,et al.  Strategic Segmentation: An Empirical Analysis of Tourist Expenditure in Turkey , 1997 .

[61]  Paolo Guenzi,et al.  The impact of interpersonal relationships on customer satisfaction and loyalty to the service provider , 2004 .

[62]  C. Grönroos An Applied Service Marketing Theory , 1982 .

[63]  R. Kirk Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences , 1970 .

[64]  C. Laesser,et al.  RELATIONSHIP INTENTION AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN RELATIONAL BENEFITS AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN THE TOUR OPERATOR INDUSTRY , 2010 .

[65]  B. Cova,et al.  Servicescapes: From Modern Non-Places to Postmodern Common Places , 1999 .

[66]  J. Crompton,et al.  Quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions , 2000 .

[67]  Martin Faßnacht,et al.  Relationship Marketing: Gaining Competitive Advantage Through Customer Satisfaction and Customer Retention , 2017 .

[68]  Aviva Geva,et al.  Satisfaction measurement in guided tours. , 1991 .

[69]  Yong-Ki Lee,et al.  Predictors of Relationship Quality and Relationship Outcomes in Luxury Restaurants , 2006 .

[70]  L. Berry Relationship Marketing of Services Perspectives from 1983 and 2000 , 2002 .

[71]  Liliana L. Bove,et al.  Customer relationships with service personnel: do we measure closeness, quality or strength? , 2001 .

[72]  Kim S. Harris,et al.  “What sort of soil do rhododendrons like?” ‐ comparing customer and employee responses to requests for product‐related information , 1999 .

[73]  Steve Baron,et al.  Understanding the Consumer Experience: It's 'Good To Talk' , 2000 .

[74]  Michael R. Solomon,et al.  Predictability and Personalization in the Service Encounter , 1987 .

[75]  Kim S. Harris,et al.  Consumer-to-Consumer Conversations in Service Settings , 2004 .

[76]  Linda L. Price,et al.  River Magic: Extraordinary Experience and the Extended Service Encounter , 1993 .

[77]  Mary Jo Bitner,et al.  Services Marketing: Integrating Customer Focus Across the Firm , 1996 .

[78]  Charles L. Martin,et al.  Compatibility Management: Roles in Service Performers , 1991 .

[79]  Amy L. Ostrom,et al.  Gender differences in the impact of core and relational aspects of services on the evaluation of service encounters , 1993 .

[80]  I. Quiroga,et al.  Characteristics of package tours in Europe. , 1990 .

[81]  Gary W. Loveman,et al.  Putting the Service-Profit Chain to Work , 1994 .

[82]  J.Christopher Holloway,et al.  The guided tour a sociological approach , 1981 .

[83]  M. Clark,et al.  The Difference between Communal and Exchange Relationships: What it is and is Not , 1993 .

[84]  Metin Kozak,et al.  Comparative analysis of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations , 2002 .

[85]  Stuart Levy The hospitality of the host: A cross-cultural examination of managerially facilitated consumer-to-consumer interactions , 2010 .

[86]  R. Rust,et al.  Service Quality: Insights and Managerial Implications from the Frontier , 1994 .

[87]  Javier Sánchez,et al.  Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: inter-relationship , 2001 .

[88]  J. McAlexander,et al.  Building Brand Community , 2002 .

[89]  L. Berry,et al.  Emerging perspectives on services marketing , 1983 .

[90]  L. Mossberg,et al.  The dining experience: do restaurants satisfy customer needs? , 2004 .

[91]  S. Fournier,et al.  Rediscovering Satisfaction , 1999 .

[92]  Dwayne D. Gremler,et al.  Customer-Employee Rapport in Service Relationships , 2000 .

[93]  Mary Jo Bitner,et al.  Relational benefits in services industries: The customer’s perspective , 1998 .

[94]  Dai Hai-qun,et al.  On relationship marketing , 2005 .

[95]  D. Cowell The marketing of services , 1984 .

[96]  C. Wu,et al.  The impact of customer-to-customer interaction and customer homogeneity on customer satisfaction in tourism service—The service encounter prospective ☆ , 2007 .

[97]  J. Petrick The Roles of Quality, Value, and Satisfaction in Predicting Cruise Passengers’ Behavioral Intentions , 2004 .

[98]  Bernard Cova,et al.  Tribal marketing: The tribalisation of society and its impact on the conduct of marketing , 2002 .

[99]  Thomas C. O'Guinn,et al.  brand community , 2022, The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Fashion.