Loudness models applied to technical sounds.

Loudness evaluation has become a central focus for assuring better consideration of subjective sound intensity phenomena than frequency‐weighted levels such as dB(A). Different standards are available for evaluating loudness of stationary sounds (ANSI, ISO, and DIN). In principle, standards are very helpful in daily life, even if the method does not consider the most recent research results. But a variety of standards generating different results, at least for the most important technical or industrial sounds, may lead to confusion. Considering that most of these sounds are time variant, a single model of time‐varying loudness is preferable. At present the recently published extension of the German standard for time‐varying loudness (DIN 45631/A1) is the sole standardized method, applicable also for stationary sounds. There are other models allowing for loudness evaluation of time‐variant sounds. Some years ago, a Hearing Model was borne out of a widespread interest to have a single standardized psychoaco...