Wear processes in sliding systems

Abstract A sequence of events involved in sliding wear is outlined. Local contacts cause large plastic strains in either or both solid components. The plastic deformation changes the near-surface microstructure in ways which make the material unstable to local shear. This in turn produces transfer of pieces of deformed material which are further deformed and mixed with counterface material and/or environmental components to produce ultrafine-grained material. The very fine microstructure in this transfer material is stabilized by the mixing in (mechanical alloying) of a second phase. The relative hardness of the transfer material and the adjacent substrate material affects the surface topography, the smoothness of sliding and the nature of the wear debris. Loose debris is commonly derived from the transfer material. This picture has been developed with the aid of analysis of experiments on unlubricated systems, but it is expected to be at least partly relevant to many “lubricated” systems as well.

[1]  The Influence of Compatibility on Different Tribological Phenomena , 1971 .

[2]  Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf,et al.  Dislocation Concepts in Friction and Wear. , 1980 .

[3]  Chris R. M. Grovenor,et al.  The development of grain structure during growth of metallic films , 1984 .

[4]  J. T. Burwell,et al.  Measurements of the Adhesion Component in Friction by Means of Radioactive Indicators , 1944 .

[5]  D. Rigney,et al.  Prediction of debris flake thickness , 1985 .

[6]  V. C. Westcott,et al.  A method for the study of wear particles in lubricating oil , 1972 .

[7]  M. Sexton.  The interaction between two wearing surfaces II: Copper and Cu-Be sliding on copper , 1984 .

[8]  Nam P. Suh,et al.  An overview of the delamination theory of wear , 1977 .

[9]  D. Rigney,et al.  Orientation determination of subsurface cells generated by sliding , 1983 .

[10]  J. Lancaster,et al.  The stages in a process of severe metallic wear , 1956, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[11]  P. Van Houtte,et al.  Large strain work hardening and textures , 1980 .

[12]  H. Mishina,et al.  The Behavior of Adhered Fragments Interposed Between Sliding Surfaces and the Formation Process of Wear Particles , 1981 .

[13]  The formation of spherical wear particles , 1977 .

[14]  D. Rigney,et al.  Sliding wear of 304 and 310 stainless steels , 1985 .

[15]  O. Sherby,et al.  Large strain deformation of polycrystalline metals at low homologous temperatures , 1975 .

[16]  E. Machlin,et al.  Friction of Clean Metals and Oxides with Special Reference to Titanium , 1954 .

[17]  E. Rabinowicz,et al.  The Wear Coefficient—Magnitude, Scatter, Uses , 1980 .

[18]  E. D. Doyle,et al.  Mechanism of metal removal in the polishing and fine grinding of hard metals , 1975 .

[19]  D. Tabor.  Hardness of Metals , 1937, Nature.

[20]  A contribution to the theory of mechanical wear , 1975 .

[21]  T. Sasada.  The formation and growth of wear particles through mutual material transfer , 1976 .

[22]  L. Samuels,et al.  The nature of mechanically polished surfaces of copper , 1981 .

[23]  David Tabor,et al.  The Ploughing and Adhesion of Sliding Metals , 1943 .

[24]  L. Samuels,et al.  The abrasion of metals: A model of the process , 1962 .

[25]  J. H. Dautzenberg,et al.  Quantitative determination of deformation by sliding wear , 1973 .

[26]  J. Hutchinson.  Introduction to the viewpoint set on shear bands , 1984 .

[27]  D. Rigney,et al.  An energy-based model of friction and its application to coated systems , 1981 .

[28]  M. Sexton.  A study of wear in CuFe systems , 1984 .

[29]  A. S. Malin,et al.  Shear bands in deformed metals , 1984 .

[30]  I. Kleis,et al.  The physical mechanism of the formation of metal microspheres in the wear process , 1979 .

[31]  M. Kerridge.  Metal Transfer and the Wear Process , 1955 .

[32]  M. Antler.  Tribological Properties of Gold for Electric Contacts , 1973 .

[33]  W. Glaeser.  The use of surface analysis techniques in the study of wear , 1984 .

[34]  O. Sherby,et al.  Large strain multidirectional deformation of 1100 aluminum at 300 K , 1982 .

[35]  D. Rigney.  Dislocation content at large plastic strains , 1979 .

[36]  J. Gregory.  Radioactive Tracers in the Study of Friction and Lubrication , 1946, Nature.

[37]  Morris Cohen,et al.  Microstructural analysis by high-voltage electron diffraction of severely drawn iron wires , 1975 .

[38]  U. F. Kocks,et al.  Slip geometry in partially constrained deformation , 1982 .

[39]  D. Rigney,et al.  Friction and wear of Cu-Be and dispersion-hardened copper systems , 1983 .

[40]  W. Stobbs,et al.  The structure of shear bands in metallic glasses , 1981 .

[41]  S. L. Rice,et al.  Formation of Subsurface Zones in Impact Wear , 1981 .

[42]  N. K. Adam,et al.  The physics and chemistry of surfaces , 1938 .

[43]  N. Suh,et al.  The delamination theory of wear , 1973 .

[44]  D. Rigney,et al.  Sliding wear and transfer , 1983 .

[45]  L. Samuels.  The Mechanisms of Abrasive Machining , 1978 .

[46]  D. Rigney,et al.  Friction and wear of Cu-Ni alloys , 1982 .

[47]  P. C. Becker.  Microstructural changes around non-metallic inclusions caused by rolling-contact fatigue of ball-bearing steels , 1981 .

[48]  J. Weertman,et al.  Theory for saturation stress difference in torsion versus other types of deformation at low temperatures , 1983 .

[49]  U. F. Kocks,et al.  Theory of torsion texture development , 1984 .

[50]  R. Plunkett,et al.  Formulas for Stress and Strain , 1965 .

[51]  J. S. Benjamin,et al.  The mechanism of mechanical alloying , 1974 .

[52]  J. Archard.  Contact and Rubbing of Flat Surfaces , 1953 .

[53]  D. Scott,et al.  Debris examination — a prognostic approach to failure prevention , 1975 .

[54]  U. F. Kocks,et al.  On the origin of shear bands in textured polycrystals , 1984 .

[55]  J. F. Archard,et al.  An examination of a mild wear process , 1957, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[56]  R. Hannink,et al.  Plastic deformation of diamond at room temperature , 1978, Nature.