An In Situ Videotaping Approach for Parameterizing Subsoiling-Induced Soil Disturbance

Subsoiling (SS) is an important technology in conservation tillage, but soil-disturbance characteristics in the SS are rarely described. Research on soil-disturbance characteristics during SS is conducive to the design and optimization of subsoilers, which provides a basis for reducing draft force and energy consumption. This study conducted SS experiments at five different tillage depths in the field with a specific field in situ test-rig facility, and in situ videotaping was made from five positions during SS. The microrelief test, draft force test, disturbance cross-section test and disturbance process analysis were conducted after SS. The results showed that draft force increased with tillage depth as a quadratic function. Soil displacement parameters and soil crack parameters extracted from the video of SS were significantly correlated with tillage depth, which could be used for a quantitative description of the paddy soil-disturbance characteristics. Cross-sectional area showed a trend of “increasing then decreasing” with increasing tillage depth, reaching a maximum at a tillage depth of 20 cm. When the tillage depth was greater than 20 cm, the bottom of the disturbing boundary formed a “mole cavity”. Fallback rate was used to describe the change in disturbed height or width during and after SS, which exceeded 100% at maximum. The surface roughness of microrelief and the size of the average clods reached the maximum at tillage depth of 20 cm. Considering the shallow cultivation layer of paddy soil in rice–wheat rotation, the recommended tillage depth of 20 cm could achieve maximum soil disturbance and minimum energy consumed.

[1]  L. Mao,et al.  Cotton stubble return and subsoiling alter soil microbial community, carbon and nitrogen in coastal saline cotton fields , 2023, Soil and Tillage Research.

[2]  M. Zargar,et al.  Tillage System and Seeding Rate Impact on Yield, Oil Accumulation and Photosynthetic Potential of Different Cultivars of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Southern Russia , 2022, Agronomy.

[3]  Lishu Wang,et al.  Suitable Tillage Depth Promotes Maize Yields by Changing Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in A 3-Year Experiment in the North China Plain , 2022, Sustainability.

[4]  Jiangtao Ji,et al.  Variation of Subsoiling Effect at Wing Mounting Heights on Soil Properties and Crop Growth in Wheat–Maize Cropping System , 2022, Agriculture.

[5]  Jiusheng Li,et al.  Changes in Soil Properties, Bacterial Communities and Wheat Roots Responding to Subsoiling in South Loess Plateau of China , 2022, Agronomy.

[6]  Qishuo Ding,et al.  Post‐paddy tillage affects soil physical processes of rain‐fed rice‐wheat (RFRW) rotation , 2022, Soil Science Society of America Journal.

[7]  Rui Wang,et al.  Subsoiling and plowing rotation increase soil C and N storage and crop yield on a semiarid Loess Plateau , 2022, Soil and Tillage Research.

[8]  Zhien Zhang,et al.  Optimization design and performance study of a subsoiler underlying the tea garden subsoiling mechanism based on bionics and EDEM , 2022, Soil and Tillage Research.

[9]  Xiaohu Jiang,et al.  Increasing the width of disturbance of plough pan with bionic inspired subsoilers , 2022, Soil and Tillage Research.

[10]  Jingsheng Sun,et al.  Impact of Subsoiling on Cultivated Horizon Construction and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat in the North China Plain , 2022, Agriculture.

[11]  Tingting An,et al.  Subsoiling tillage with straw incorporation improves soil microbial community characteristics in the whole cultivated layers: A one-year study , 2022, Soil and Tillage Research.

[12]  Rui Wang,et al.  Effects of subsoiling rotational patterns with residue return systems on soil properties, water use and maize yield on the semiarid Loess Plateau , 2021, Soil and Tillage Research.

[13]  Guangsheng Zhou,et al.  Subsoil tillage promotes root and shoot growth of rapeseed in paddy fields and dryland in Yangtze River Basin soils , 2021 .

[14]  James B. Barr,et al.  Determination of discrete element model parameters for a cohesive soil and validation through narrow point opener performance analysis , 2021 .

[15]  Qishuo Ding,et al.  Performance evaluation of a biomimetically designed disc for dense-straw mulched conservation tillage , 2021 .

[16]  Wenzheng Liu,et al.  Current Knowledge and Future Directions for Improving Subsoiling Quality and Reducing Energy Consumption in Conservation Fields , 2021, Agriculture.

[17]  J. M. Reichert,et al.  Subsoiling and mechanical hole-drilling tillage effects on soil physical properties and initial growth of eucalyptus after eucalyptus on steeplands , 2020 .

[18]  Qishuo Ding,et al.  Soil disturbance under small harvester traffic in paddy‐based smallholder farms in China , 2020 .

[19]  Mariele Müller,et al.  Root growth and crop performance of soybean under chemical, physical, and biological changes after subsoiling , 2020, Agronomy Journal.

[20]  Jiyu Sun,et al.  Development and verification of a mathematical model for the specific resistance of a curved subsoiler , 2020 .

[21]  Jiyu Sun,et al.  Field experiments evaluating a biomimetic shark-inspired (BioS) subsoiler for tillage resistance reduction , 2020 .

[22]  S. H. Aday,et al.  Comparison between the draft force requirements and the disturbed area of a single tine, parallel double tines and partially swerved double tines subsoilers , 2019, Soil and Tillage Research.

[23]  F. Karandish.  Applying grey water footprint assessment to achieve environmental sustainability within a nation under intensive agriculture: a high-resolution assessment for common agrochemicals and crops , 2019, Environmental Earth Sciences.

[24]  T. Kätterer,et al.  Short-term effects of loosening and incorporation of straw slurry into the upper subsoil on soil physical properties and crop yield , 2018, Soil and Tillage Research.

[25]  Zhijun Zhang,et al.  DEM simulation of bionic subsoilers (tillage depth >40 cm) with drag reduction and lower soil disturbance characteristics , 2018, Adv. Eng. Softw..

[26]  Hang Chengguang,et al.  Analysis of the movement behaviour of soil between subsoilers based on the discrete element method , 2017 .

[27]  Hang Chengguang,et al.  Discrete element simulations and experiments of soil disturbance as affected by the tine spacing of subsoiler , 2017 .

[28]  M. Ittersum.  Crop Yields and Global Food Security. Will Yield Increase Continue to Feed the World , 2016 .

[29]  Henry Lin,et al.  Puddling intensity, sesquioxides, and soil organic carbon impacts on crack patterns of two paddy soils , 2016 .

[30]  Abdul Mounem Mouazen,et al.  Study the effect of tool geometry and operational conditions on mouldboard plough forces and energy requirement: Part 1. Finite element simulation , 2015, Comput. Electron. Agric..

[31]  Wei Zhou,et al.  Soil Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Paddy-Upland Rotation: A Review , 2014, TheScientificWorldJournal.

[32]  B. S. Dwivedi,et al.  Optimizing dry and wet tillage for rice on a Gangetic alluvial soil: Effect on soil characteristics, water use efficiency and productivity of the rice–wheat system , 2012 .

[33]  J. Ladha,et al.  Effect of Tillage and Crop Establishment Methods on Physical Properties of a Medium-Textured Soil under a Seven-Year Rice−Wheat Rotation , 2011 .

[34]  H. Debiasi,et al.  Soil disturbance index as an indicator of seed drill efficiency in no-tillage agrosystems , 2011 .

[35]  J. Ladha,et al.  Evaluation of alternative tillage and crop establishment methods in a rice-wheat rotation in North Western IGP , 2010 .

[36]  S. Manuwa.  Performance evaluation of tillage tines operating under different depths in a sandy clay loam soil , 2009 .

[37]  Xuezheng Shi,et al.  Ecological safe management of terraced rice paddy landscapes , 2009 .

[38]  R. Malik,et al.  Role of herbicide-resistant rice in promoting resource conservation technologies in rice–wheat cropping systems of India: A review , 2008 .

[39]  Richard J. Godwin,et al.  Integrated soil tillage force prediction models , 2007 .

[40]  Jin Tong,et al.  Effects of rake angle of chisel plough on soil cutting factors and power requirements: A computer simulation , 2006 .

[41]  G. Spoor.  Alleviation of soil compaction: requirements, equipment and techniques , 2006 .

[42]  Johan Arvidsson,et al.  Specific draught for mouldboard plough, chisel plough and disc harrow at different water contents , 2004 .

[43]  A. C. Guzha,et al.  Effects of tillage on soil microrelief, surface depression storage and soil water storage , 2004 .

[44]  Raj Kumar Gupta,et al.  Resource-Conserving Technologies for Wheat in the Rice–Wheat System , 2003 .

[45]  Guo Zhi,et al.  A 2-D Finite Element Analysis for Cutting Performance of a Parabolic Curved Cutting Surface , 2002 .

[46]  Richard J. Godwin,et al.  An experimental investigation into the force mechanics and resulting soil disturbance of mole ploughs , 1981 .