Mapping the Risk of Anaemia in Preschool-Age Children: The Contribution of Malnutrition, Malaria, and Helminth Infections in West Africa

Ricardo Soares Magalhães and colleagues used national cross-sectional household-based demographic health surveys to map the distribution of anemia risk in preschool children in Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Mali.

[1]  Andrew J Tatem,et al.  Correction: A World Malaria Map: Plasmodium falciparum Endemicity in 2007 , 2009, PLoS Medicine.

[2]  G. Smith,et al.  Poverty, child undernutrition and morbidity: new evidence from India. , 2005, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[3]  S. Oppenheimer Iron and its relation to immunity and infectious disease. , 2001, The Journal of nutrition.

[4]  R. Stoltzfus,et al.  Malaria, hookworms and recent fever are related to anemia and iron status indicators in 0- to 5-y old Zanzibari children and these relationships change with age. , 2000, The Journal of nutrition.

[5]  K. Marsh,et al.  Bacteraemia in Kenyan children with sickle-cell anaemia: a retrospective cohort and case–control study , 2009, The Lancet.

[6]  R. Stoltzfus,et al.  Hookworm control as a strategy to prevent iron deficiency. , 2009, Nutrition reviews.

[7]  A. Tatem,et al.  The accuracy of human population maps for public health application , 2005, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[8]  Anand P. Patil,et al.  Global distribution of the sickle cell gene and geographical confirmation of the malaria hypothesis , 2010, Nature communications.

[9]  S. Zierler,et al.  The Synergistic Effect of Concomitant Schistosomiasis, Hookworm, and Trichuris Infections on Children's Anemia Burden , 2008, PLoS neglected tropical diseases.

[10]  L. Kazembe,et al.  A Bayesian multinomial model to analyse spatial patterns of childhood co-morbidity in Malawi , 2007, European Journal of Epidemiology.

[11]  J Benichou,et al.  Methods of adjustment for estimating the attributable risk in case-control studies: a review. , 1991, Statistics in medicine.

[12]  S. McGarvey,et al.  Human schistosomiasis and anemia: the relationship and potential mechanisms. , 2005, Trends in parasitology.

[13]  Adamson S Muula,et al.  Joint spatial modelling of common morbidities of childhood fever and diarrhoea in Malawi. , 2009, Health & place.

[14]  J. Cook Nutritional anemia. , 1983, ASDC journal of dentistry for children.

[15]  D P Byar,et al.  Estimating the population attributable risk for multiple risk factors using case-control data. , 1985, American journal of epidemiology.

[16]  Archie C A Clements,et al.  Use of Bayesian geostatistical prediction to estimate local variations in Schistosoma haematobium infection in western Africa. , 2009, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[17]  Clive Osmond,et al.  Effect of administration of intestinal anthelmintic drugs on haemoglobin: systematic review of randomised controlled trials , 2007, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[18]  S. Brooker,et al.  Evaluating the epidemiological impact of national control programmes for helminths. , 2004, Trends in parasitology.

[19]  J Benichou,et al.  A review of adjusted estimators of attributable risk , 2001, Statistical methods in medical research.

[20]  Leda Hernandez,et al.  Prevalence survey of schistosomiasis in Mindanao and the Visayas, The Philippines. , 2008, Parasitology international.

[21]  D J Weatherall,et al.  Inherited haemoglobin disorders: an increasing global health problem. , 2001, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[22]  Alexander K Rowe,et al.  Why population attributable fractions can sum to more than one. , 2004, American journal of preventive medicine.

[23]  R. Snow,et al.  The Effect of α +-Thalassaemia on the Incidence of Malaria and Other Diseases in Children Living on the Coast of Kenya , 2006, PLoS medicine.

[24]  P. Diggle,et al.  Model‐based geostatistics , 2007 .

[25]  S. Hay,et al.  Tools from ecology: useful for evaluating infection risk models? , 2002, Trends in parasitology.

[26]  R. Means The anaemia of infection. , 2000, Bailliere's best practice & research. Clinical haematology.

[27]  I. Buchan,et al.  Communicating risks at the population level: application of population impact numbers , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[28]  Craig A Mason,et al.  Partitioning the population attributable fraction for a sequential chain of effects , 2008, Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I.

[29]  C. Ani,et al.  Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Reexamining the Nature and Magnitude of the Public Health Problem A Review of Studies on the Effect of Iron Deficiency on Cognitive Development in Children , 2001 .

[30]  W. Wernsdorfer,et al.  From malaria control to eradication: The WHO perspective , 2009, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[31]  Alan Fenwick,et al.  Mapping the Probability of Schistosomiasis and Associated Uncertainty, West Africa , 2008, Emerging infectious diseases.

[32]  V. Briand,et al.  Intermittent preventive treatment for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy in high transmission areas , 2007, Malaria Journal.

[33]  R. Snow,et al.  Malaria in African schoolchildren: options for control , 2008, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[34]  L. Allen,et al.  Impact of Multiple Micronutrient versus Iron–Folic Acid Supplements on Maternal Anemia and Micronutrient Status in Pregnancy , 2009, Food and nutrition bulletin.

[35]  C. Weinberg,et al.  Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. , 1998, American journal of public health.

[36]  L. Stephenson,et al.  Iron supplementation improves appetite and growth in anemic Kenyan primary school children. , 1994, The Journal of nutrition.

[37]  Jane Crawley,et al.  Reducing the burden of anemia in infants and young children in malaria-endemic countries of Africa: from evidence to action. , 2004, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[38]  R. Snow,et al.  The epidemiology of hookworm infection and its contribution to anaemia among pre-school children on the Kenyan coast. , 1999, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[39]  K. Ghosh,et al.  Pathogenesis of anemia in malaria: a concise review , 2007, Parasitology Research.

[40]  David L. Smith,et al.  A World Malaria Map: Plasmodium falciparum Endemicity in 2007 , 2009, PLoS medicine.

[41]  Y. Zhang,et al.  The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI): rationale, development and implementation from 2002–2008 , 2009, Parasitology.

[42]  P. Gething,et al.  Estimating the Number of Paediatric Fevers Associated with Malaria Infection Presenting to Africa's Public Health Sector in 2007 , 2010, PLoS medicine.

[43]  Robert E Black,et al.  Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled trial , 2006, The Lancet.

[44]  Sander Greenland,et al.  Modern Epidemiology 3rd edition , 1986 .

[45]  Florence M. Margai Geographic targeting of risk zones for childhood stunting and related health outcomes in Burkina Faso. , 2007, World health & population.

[46]  A. Sharman Anemia Testing in Population-Based Surveys Anemia Testing in Population-Based Surveys General Information and Guidelines for Country Monitors and Program Managers , 2003 .

[47]  Andrew J Tatem,et al.  The co-distribution of Plasmodium falciparum and hookworm among African schoolchildren , 2006, Malaria Journal.

[48]  R. Semba,et al.  The anemia of vitamin A deficiency: epidemiology and pathogenesis , 2002, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[49]  A. Sharman Anemia Testing in Population-Based Surveys , 2003 .

[50]  A. Toschke,et al.  An illustration of and programs estimating attributable fractions in large scale surveys considering multiple risk factors , 2009 .

[51]  Archie C A Clements,et al.  The applications of model-based geostatistics in helminth epidemiology and control. , 2011, Advances in parasitology.

[52]  R. Stoltzfus,et al.  Guidelines for the use of iron supplements to prevent and treat iron deficiency anemia , 1998 .

[53]  M. Walters,et al.  Clinical hemoglobinopathies: iron, lungs and new blood , 2006, Current opinion in hematology.

[54]  K. West,et al.  The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia , 2000, Public Health Nutrition.

[55]  I. Bates,et al.  Anaemia: A Useful Indicator of Neglected Disease Burden and Control , 1997, PLoS medicine.

[56]  M. Tanner,et al.  An integrated approach for risk profiling and spatial prediction of Schistosoma mansoni-hookworm coinfection. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[57]  James A Hanley,et al.  Random measurement error and regression dilution bias , 2010, BMJ : British Medical Journal.