Microwave Imaging in Layered Media: 3-D Image Reconstruction From Experimental Data

A prototype microwave imaging system for imaging 3-D targets in layered media is developed to validate the capability of microwave imaging with experimental data and with 3-D nonlinear inverse scattering algorithms. In this experimental prototype, the transmitting and receiving antennas are placed in a rectangular tub containing a fluid. Two plastic slabs are placed in parallel in the fluid to form a five-layer medium. The microwave scattering data are acquired by mechanically scanning a single transmitting antenna and a single receiving antenna, thus avoiding the mutual coupling that occurs when an array is used. The collected 3-D experimental data in the fluid are processed by full 3-D nonlinear inverse scattering algorithms to unravel the complicated multiple scattering effects and produce 3-D digital images of the dielectric constant and conductivity of the imaging domain. The image reconstruction is focused on the position and dimensions of the unknown scatterers. Different dielectric and metallic objects have been imaged effectively at 1.64 GHz.

[1]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Inversion of multi-frequency experimental data for imaging complex objects by a DTA–CSI method , 2005 .

[2]  W. Chew,et al.  Reconstruction of two-dimensional permittivity distribution using the distorted Born iterative method. , 1990, IEEE transactions on medical imaging.

[3]  W. Chew.  Waves and Fields in Inhomogeneous Media , 1990 .

[4]  Eric L. Miller,et al.  Adaptive multiscale reconstruction of buried objects , 2004 .

[5]  Matteo Pastorino,et al.  A global optimization technique for microwave nondestructive evaluation , 2002, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..

[6]  Q. Liu,et al.  Active Microwave Imaging II: 3-D System Prototype and Image Reconstruction From Experimental Data , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[7]  Joe LoVetri,et al.  Enhancement of microwave tomography through the use of electrically conducting enclosures , 2008 .

[8]  P. M. van den Berg,et al.  TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL ALGORITHMS FOR MICROWAVE IMAGING AND INVERSE SCATTERING , 2003 .

[9]  Weng Cho Chew,et al.  Experimental verification of super resolution in nonlinear inverse scattering , 1998 .

[10]  P. M. Berg,et al.  A contrast source inversion method , 1997 .

[11]  Q.H. Liu,et al.  The BCGS-FFT method for electromagnetic scattering from inhomogeneous objects in a planarly layered medium , 2002, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[12]  Q. Liu,et al.  Fast three-dimensional electromagnetic nonlinear inversion in layered media with a novel scattering approximation , 2004 .

[13]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  A new approximation to three-dimensional electromagnetic scattering , 2005, IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett..

[14]  Aria Abubakar,et al.  Three‐dimensional nonlinear inversion in cross‐well electrode logging , 1998 .

[15]  Weng Cho Chew,et al.  An iterative solution of the two‐dimensional electromagnetic inverse scattering problem , 1989, Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol..

[16]  Matteo Pastorino,et al.  An inexact-Newton method for short-range microwave imaging within the second-order Born approximation , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[17]  Zhong Qing Zhang,et al.  Reconstruction of three-dimensional objects in layered media: numerical experiments , 2005 .

[18]  C. Pichot,et al.  Microwave imaging-complex permittivity reconstruction with a Levenberg-Marquardt method , 1997 .

[19]  Matteo Pastorino,et al.  Electromagnetic imaging of infinite dielectric cylinders using a modified Born approximation and including a priori information on the unknown cross sections , 1994 .

[20]  A. Roger,et al.  Newton-Kantorovitch algorithm applied to an electromagnetic inverse problem , 1981 .

[21]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  A fast volume integral equation solver for electromagnetic scattering from large inhomogeneous objects in planarly layered media , 2003 .

[23]  A. Abubakar,et al.  A General Framework for Constraint Minimization for the Inversion of Electromagnetic Measurements , 2004 .

[24]  Zhong Qing Zhang,et al.  Active microwave imaging. I. 2-D forward and inverse scattering methods , 2002 .

[25]  P. M. Berg,et al.  Extended contrast source inversion , 1999 .

[26]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Three-dimensional nonlinear image reconstruction for microwave biomedical imaging , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[27]  Zhong Qing Zhang,et al.  GPR Landmine Imaging: 2D Migration and 3D Inverse Scattering in Layered Media , 2004 .

[28]  Q. H. Liu,et al.  Improved diagonal tensor approximation (DTA) and hybrid DTA/BCGS–FFT method for accurate simulation of 3D inhomogeneous objects in layered media , 2007 .

[29]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Two nonlinear inverse methods for electromagnetic induction measurements , 2001, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[30]  Pierre Sabouroux,et al.  Continuing with the Fresnel database: experimental setup and improvements in 3D scattering measurements , 2009 .

[31]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Through-wall imaging (TWI) by radar: 2-D tomographic results and analyses , 2005, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[32]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Three-dimensional electromagnetic nonlinear inversion in layered media by a hybrid diagonal tensor approximation: Stabilized biconjugate gradient fast Fourier transform method , 2007 .

[33]  P. M. van den Berg,et al.  On the equivalence of the Newton-Kantorovich and distorted Born methods , 2000 .

[34]  W. Chew,et al.  Low-frequency detection of two-dimensional buried objects using high-order extended Born approximations , 2004 .

[35]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Reconstruction of 3D objects from multi-frequency experimental data with a fast DBIM-BCGS method , 2009 .

[36]  A. Franchois,et al.  Full-Wave Three-Dimensional Microwave Imaging With a Regularized Gauss–Newton Method— Theory and Experiment , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[37]  L. E. Larsen,et al.  Limitations of Imaging with First-Order Diffraction Tomography , 1984 .

[38]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Three-dimensional reconstruction of objects buried in layered media using Born and distorted Born iterative methods , 2004, IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett..