3D Molecular Modelling Study of the H7N9 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase as an Emerging Pharmacological Target.

Currently not much is known about the H7N9 strain, and this is the major drawback for a scientific strategy to tackle this virus. Herein, the 3D complex structure of the H7N9 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been established using a repertoire of molecular modelling techniques including homology modelling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Strikingly, it was found that the oligonucleotide cleft and tunnel in the H7N9 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase are structurally very similar to the corresponding region on the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase crystal structure. A direct comparison and a 3D postdynamics analysis of the 3D complex of the H7N9 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase provide invaluable clues and insight regarding the role and mode of action of a series of interacting residues on the latter enzyme. Our study provides a novel and efficiently intergraded platform with structural insights for the H7N9 RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase. We propose that future use and exploitation of these insights may prove invaluable in the fight against this lethal, ongoing epidemic.

[1]  T. Chai,et al.  Seroprevalence of avian influenza H9N2 among poultry workers in Shandong Province, China , 2013, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.

[2]  P. Lemey,et al.  Genesis of avian-origin H7N9 influenza A viruses , 2013, The Lancet.

[3]  Ying Wu,et al.  Environmental connections of novel avian-origin H7N9 influenza virus infection and virus adaptation to the human , 2013, Science China Life Sciences.

[4]  Wenjun Song,et al.  Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome , 2013, The Lancet.

[5]  J. Parry H7N9 virus is more transmissible and harder to detect than H5N1, say experts , 2013, British medical journal.

[6]  Hualan Chen,et al.  Isolation and characterization of H7N9 viruses from live poultry markets — Implication of the source of current H7N9 infection in humans , 2013 .

[7]  G. Neumann,et al.  Genetic analysis of novel avian A(H7N9) influenza viruses isolated from patients in China, February to April 2013. , 2013, Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin.

[8]  J. Parry H7N9 avian flu infects humans for the first time , 2013, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[9]  E. Holmes,et al.  Presence of oseltamivir-resistant pandemic A/H1N1 minor variants before drug therapy with subsequent selection and transmission. , 2012, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[10]  I. Barr,et al.  Influenza Virus A (H10N7) in Chickens and Poultry Abattoir Workers, Australia , 2012, Emerging infectious diseases.

[11]  Y. Lyoo,et al.  Genetic characterization of H7N2 influenza virus isolated from pigs. , 2011, Veterinary microbiology.

[12]  M. Elhefnawi,et al.  Identification of novel conserved functional motifs across most Influenza A viral strains , 2011, Virology Journal.

[13]  James M Aramini,et al.  Structures of influenza A proteins and insights into antiviral drug targets , 2010, Nature Structural &Molecular Biology.

[14]  E. Obayashi,et al.  Structural insight into the essential PB1–PB2 subunit contact of the influenza virus RNA polymerase , 2009, The EMBO journal.

[15]  Zihe Rao,et al.  Crystal structure of an avian influenza polymerase PAN reveals an endonuclease active site , 2009, Nature.

[16]  H. Tsuge,et al.  Structural Basis of the Influenza A Virus RNA Polymerase PB2 RNA-binding Domain Containing the Pathogenicity-determinant Lysine 627 Residue* , 2009, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[17]  Dimitrios Vlachakis,et al.  Gromita: A Fully Integrated Graphical User Interface to Gromacs 4 , 2009, Bioinformatics and biology insights.

[18]  Shinji Watanabe,et al.  Compatibility among Polymerase Subunit Proteins Is a Restricting Factor in Reassortment between Equine H7N7 and Human H3N2 Influenza Viruses , 2008, Journal of Virology.

[19]  E. Obayashi,et al.  The structural basis for an essential subunit interaction in influenza virus RNA polymerase , 2008, Nature.

[20]  S. Cusack,et al.  Host Determinant Residue Lysine 627 Lies on the Surface of a Discrete, Folded Domain of Influenza Virus Polymerase PB2 Subunit , 2008, PLoS pathogens.

[21]  Carsten Kutzner,et al.  GROMACS 4:  Algorithms for Highly Efficient, Load-Balanced, and Scalable Molecular Simulation. , 2008, Journal of chemical theory and computation.

[22]  Helena J. Maier,et al.  Differential role of the influenza A virus polymerase PA subunit for vRNA and cRNA promoter binding. , 2008, Virology.

[23]  Mark von Itzstein,et al.  The war against influenza: discovery and development of sialidase inhibitors , 2007, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[24]  Tin Wee Tan,et al.  Evolutionarily Conserved Protein Sequences of Influenza A Viruses, Avian and Human, as Vaccine Targets , 2007, PloS one.

[25]  Yi Guan,et al.  Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1): a Threat to Human Health , 2007, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[26]  David J. Stevens,et al.  The structure of H5N1 avian influenza neuraminidase suggests new opportunities for drug design , 2006, Nature.

[27]  J. Nguyen-Van-Tam,et al.  Outbreak of low pathogenicity H7N3 avian influenza in UK, including associated case of human conjunctivitis. , 2006, Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin.

[28]  Yi Guan,et al.  Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of influenza A (H5N1) infection. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[29]  Jeffery K. Taubenberger,et al.  Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes , 2005, Nature.

[30]  M. Marra,et al.  Novel Avian Influenza H7N3 Strain Outbreak, British Columbia , 2004, Emerging infectious diseases.

[31]  Li Li,et al.  RDOCK: Refinement of rigid‐body protein docking predictions , 2003, Proteins.

[32]  Wei Zhang,et al.  A point‐charge force field for molecular mechanics simulations of proteins based on condensed‐phase quantum mechanical calculations , 2003, J. Comput. Chem..

[33]  Bostjan Kobe,et al.  Structural Basis for the Specificity of Bipartite Nuclear Localization Sequence Binding by Importin-α* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[34]  A. Gingras,et al.  Cocrystal Structure of the Messenger RNA 5' Cap-binding Protein (eIF4E) bound to 7-methylGpppG , 2002 .

[35]  Thomas L. Madden,et al.  Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. , 1997, Nucleic acids research.

[36]  B. Rost,et al.  Protein fold recognition by prediction-based threading. , 1997, Journal of molecular biology.

[37]  A. Gingras,et al.  Cocrystal Structure of the Messenger RNA 5′ Cap-Binding Protein (eIF4E) Bound to 7-methyl-GDP , 1997, Cell.

[38]  A. Ishihama,et al.  The molecular anatomy of influenza virus RNA polymerase. , 1997, Biological chemistry.

[39]  J. Thornton,et al.  AQUA and PROCHECK-NMR: Programs for checking the quality of protein structures solved by NMR , 1996, Journal of biomolecular NMR.

[40]  S. de la Luna,et al.  The amino-terminal one-third of the influenza virus PA protein is responsible for the induction of proteolysis , 1996, Journal of virology.

[41]  M. Karplus,et al.  Evaluation of comparative protein modeling by MODELLER , 1995, Proteins.

[42]  D. Hazuda,et al.  Inhibition of cap (m7GpppXm)-dependent endonuclease of influenza virus by 4-substituted 2,4-dioxobutanoic acid compounds , 1994, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[43]  J. Thompson,et al.  CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. , 1994, Nucleic acids research.

[44]  T. Steitz,et al.  Structural basis for the 3′‐5′ exonuclease activity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I: a two metal ion mechanism. , 1991, The EMBO journal.

[45]  R. Krug,et al.  Influenza virus gene expression: control mechanisms at early and late times of infection and nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of virus-specific RNAs , 1987, Journal of virology.

[46]  E. Kuechler,et al.  Identification of the cap binding protein of influenza virus. , 1982, Nucleic acids research.

[47]  Katherine Spindler,et al.  Rapid evolution of RNA genomes. , 1982, Science.

[48]  T. Kuiken,et al.  Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome , 2004 .

[49]  D. Eisenberg,et al.  VERIFY3D: assessment of protein models with three-dimensional profiles. , 1997, Methods in enzymology.

[50]  Sean R. Eddy,et al.  Multiple Alignment Using Hidden Markov Models , 1995, ISMB.

[51]  S. Colowick,et al.  Methods in Enzymology , Vol , 1966 .