Determination of tetracycline in the presence of major interference in human urine samples using polymelamine/electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified electrode

Abstract A polymelamine (p-Mel) film on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode (p-Mel@ERGO/GC) was designed using a potentiodynamic method for the simultaneous and selective determination of tetracycline (TET) in the presence of a major interference, uric acid (UA). The modified surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The surface coverage of the modified electrode was found to be 3.98 × 10−11 mol cm−2. The modified p-Mel@ERGO/GC electrode not only enhanced the oxidation currents of the TET and UA, but also shifted their oxidation potential toward a less positive direction compared to the bare GC, GO/GC, ERGO/GC, and p-Mel/GC electrodes. The modified electrode was used effectively for the selective determination of TET in the presence of a 50-fold excess of UA. Differential pulse voltammetry revealed a detection limit of 5 μM TET. The present modified electrode can be applied to the simultaneous determination of TET and UA in human urine samples. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of the simultaneous determination of TET and UA.

[1]  V. H. Nguyen,et al.  3D hierarchical mesoporous NiCo2S4@Ni(OH)2 core–shell nanosheet arrays for high performance supercapacitors , 2016 .

[2]  B. Katzung.  Basic and Clinical Pharmacology , 1982 .

[3]  Xia Sun,et al.  Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Tetracycline Detection , 2015, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[4]  P. Yáñez‐Sedeño,et al.  Voltammetry and amperometric detection of tetracyclines at multi-wall carbon nanotube modified electrodes , 2007, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[5]  Qingsheng Wu,et al.  A highly sensitive method for determination of guanine, adenine and epinephrine using poly-melamine film modified glassy carbon electrode , 2012 .

[6]  P. Strazzullo,et al.  Uric acid and oxidative stress: relative impact on cardiovascular risk? , 2007, Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD.

[7]  B. Haghighi,et al.  Fabrication of a third-generation glucose biosensor using graphene-polyethyleneimine-gold nanoparticles hybrid , 2016 .

[8]  Ali Benvidi,et al.  Comparison of two fabricated aptasensors based on modified carbon paste/oleic acid and magnetic bar carbon paste/Fe3O4@oleic acid nanoparticle electrodes for tetracycline detection. , 2016, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[9]  D. El-Hady,et al.  A combination of β-cyclodextrin functionalized magnetic graphene oxide nanoparticles with β-cyclodextrin-based sensor for highly sensitive and selective voltammetric determination of tetracycline and doxycycline in milk samples , 2016 .

[10]  Shinuk Cho,et al.  Facile fabrication of thermally reduced graphene oxide–platinum nanohybrids and their application in catalytic reduction and dye-sensitized solar cells , 2016 .

[11]  W. Stickle,et al.  Handbook of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy , 1992 .

[12]  S. A. John,et al.  Stable determination of paracetamol in the presence of uric acid in human urine sample using melamine grafted graphene modified electrode , 2016 .

[13]  Marilyn Roberts,et al.  Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance , 2001, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.

[14]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Studying disorder in graphite-based systems by Raman spectroscopy. , 2007, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[15]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  The rise of graphene. , 2007, Nature materials.

[16]  É. Cavalheiro,et al.  Determination of Tetracyclines in Bovine and Human Urine using a Graphite-Polyurethane Composite Electrode , 2015 .

[17]  S. Chattopadhyay,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of graphene from waste dry cell battery for electronic applications , 2016 .

[18]  Z. Zhong,et al.  Graphene Ambipolar Nanoelectronics for High Noise Rejection Amplification. , 2016, Nano letters.

[19]  S. Luo,et al.  Direct electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide on glassy carbon electrode and its electrochemical application , 2011 .

[20]  Junyong Sun,et al.  Simple and novel electrochemical sensor for the determination of tetracycline based on iron/zinc cations-exchanged montmorillonite catalyst. , 2014, Talanta.

[21]  R. Jain,et al.  Next-generation polymer nanocomposite-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: A review , 2016 .

[22]  Huimin Zhao,et al.  Gold modified microelectrode for direct tetracycline detection , 2012, Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering.

[23]  J. Zen,et al.  Extremely Stable Copper–Polymelamine Composite Material for Amperometric Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing , 2013 .

[24]  Yuegang Zuo,et al.  Simultaneous determination of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and 4-epitetracycline in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography , 2007 .

[25]  J. Kysar,et al.  Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene , 2008, Science.

[26]  M. F. Teixeira,et al.  Construction of an electrochemical sensing platform based on platinum nanoparticles supported on carbon for tetracycline determination , 2016 .

[27]  R. Kannan,et al.  Facile enhancement in proton conductivity of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) using functionalized graphene oxide—synthesis, characterization, and application towards proton exchange membrane fuel cells , 2016, Colloid and Polymer Science.

[28]  Thomas Wagberg,et al.  Electrochemical aptasensor for tetracycline using a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with an alginate film containing reduced graphene oxide and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles , 2016, Microchimica Acta.

[29]  H. Salavagione,et al.  Recent advances in the covalent modification of graphene with polymers. , 2011, Macromolecular rapid communications.

[30]  S. B. Revin,et al.  Potentiodynamic formation of gold nanoparticles film on glassy carbon electrode using aminophenyl diazonium cations grafted gold nanoparticles: Determination of histamine H2 receptor antagonist , 2014 .

[31]  M. Gwee,et al.  Can tetracycline-induced fatty liver in pregnancy be attributed to choline deficiency? , 1982, Medical hypotheses.

[32]  Xinhua Wang,et al.  Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide with enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward tetracycline detection , 2015 .

[33]  V. Zissimopoulos,et al.  Serum uric acid levels in patients with Parkinson's disease: Their relationship to treatment and disease duration , 2009, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.

[34]  K. Miyazaki,et al.  Electrochemical Oxidation of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite in Sulphuric Acid Solution under Potential Pulse Condition , 2009 .

[35]  P. Kim,et al.  Energy band-gap engineering of graphene nanoribbons. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[36]  N. Bogavac-Stanojević,et al.  High serum uric acid and low-grade inflammation are associated with smaller LDL and HDL particles. , 2009, Atherosclerosis.

[37]  T. Tang,et al.  Direct observation of a widely tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene , 2009, Nature.

[38]  J. Shim,et al.  Layered 2-D Bi2Se3 nanosheets intercalated by Ni(OH)2 and their supercapacitor performance , 2016 .

[39]  A. Rombos,et al.  Serum uric acid and multiple sclerosis , 2006, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.

[40]  Sundaram Gunasekaran,et al.  Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide sheets for use in high performance supercapacitors , 2013 .

[41]  Zhongwei Chen,et al.  The application of graphene and its composites in oxygen reduction electrocatalysis: a perspective and review of recent progress , 2016 .

[42]  Fang Luo,et al.  Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on the Chitosan-Magnetic Nanoparticles for Detection of Tetracycline , 2016, Food Analytical Methods.

[43]  A. Mahmood,et al.  Production, properties and potential of graphene , 2010, 1002.0370.

[44]  J. Zen,et al.  Electrochemical synthesis of electroactive poly(melamine) with mechanistic explanation and its applicability to functionalize carbon surface to prepare nanotube–nanoparticles hybrid , 2013 .

[45]  Maria Del Pilar Taboada Sotomayor,et al.  Development and application of an electrochemical sensor modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for the sensitive and selective detection of tetracycline , 2015 .

[46]  Jonathan M. Slater,et al.  The determination of tetracycline residues in food using a disposable screen-printed gold electrode (SPGE) , 2007 .

[47]  Kwang S. Kim,et al.  Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Energy Materials, Biosensing, Catalytic, and Biomedical Applications. , 2016, Chemical reviews.

[48]  R. Goyal,et al.  Polymelamine modified edge plane pyrolytic graphite sensor for the electrochemical assay of serotonin. , 2014, Talanta.

[49]  S. A. John,et al.  Formation of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide on melamine electrografted layers and its application toward the determination of methylxanthines. , 2016, Analytical biochemistry.

[50]  Huimin Zhao,et al.  Electrochemical Determination of Tetracycline Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Modified Carbon Nanotube-Gold Nanoparticles Electrode , 2011 .

[51]  K. Novoselov,et al.  Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[52]  S. A. John,et al.  Fabrication of Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Films on Glassy Carbon Electrode by Self-Assembly Method and Their Electrocatalytic Application , 2013 .

[53]  V. H. Nguyen,et al.  Facile synthesis of cobalt oxide/reduced graphene oxide composites for electrochemical capacitor and sensor applications , 2016 .

[54]  Sung-Woo Park,et al.  Biotin-avidin mediated competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect residues of tetracyclines in milk , 2008 .

[55]  Zhiyong Tang,et al.  The Determination of Protein-Based Arsenic in Shrimp Tissues by Hydride Generation-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer , 2015, Food Analytical Methods.

[56]  R. Kaner,et al.  Honeycomb carbon: a review of graphene. , 2010, Chemical reviews.