Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders.

Literature on temperament, personality, and mood and anxiety disorders is reviewed. The review is organized primarily around L. A. Clark and D. Watson's (1991b) tripartite model for these disorders, but other influential approaches are also examined. Negative affectivity (or neuroticism) appears to be a vulnerability factor for the development of anxiety and depression, indicates poor prognosis, and is itself affected by the experience of disorder. Positive affectivity (or extraversion) is related more specifically to depression, may be a risk factor for its development, suggests poor prognosis, and also may be affected by the experience of disorder. Other personality dimensions (e.g., anxiety sensitivity, attributional style, sociotropy or dependence, autonomy or self-criticism, and constraint) may constitute specific vulnerability factors for particular disorders. More longitudinal and measurement-based research that jointly examines anxiety and depression is needed.

[1]  R A McCormick,et al.  Testing a tripartite model: II. Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples. , 1995, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[2]  M. Rothbart,et al.  Temperament and the development of personality. , 1994, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[3]  D. Watson,et al.  Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology. , 1994, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[4]  P. Wachtel.  Cyclical processes in personality and psychopathology. , 1994, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[5]  G. Metalsky,et al.  Depressive reactions to failure in a naturalistic setting: a test of the hopelessness and self-esteem theories of depression , 1993 .

[6]  B. Cohen,et al.  Perception of self and other in major depression. , 1993, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[7]  P. Hewitt,et al.  Dimensions of perfectionism, daily stress, and depression: a test of the specific vulnerability hypothesis. , 1993, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[8]  M. Shea,et al.  Models of relationships between personality and depression: Toward a framework for theory and research. , 1993 .

[9]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Personality and depression : a current view , 1993 .

[10]  L. R. Goldberg.  The structure of phenotypic personality traits. , 1993, The American psychologist.

[11]  G. Metalsky,et al.  Vulnerability to depressive symptomatology: a prospective test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the hopelessness theory of depression. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[12]  R. Fieve,et al.  Sociotropy and autonomy: relationship to antidepressant drug treatment response and endogenous-nonendogenous dichotomy. , 1992, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[13]  S. Reiss,et al.  Anxiety sensitivity in 1984 and panic attacks in 1987 , 1992 .

[14]  R. McNally,et al.  How does anxiety sensitivity vary across the anxiety disorders , 1992 .

[15]  R. McNally,et al.  Conceptualizations of anxiety sensitivity , 1992 .

[16]  B. Devellis,et al.  Illness attributions and hopelessness depression: the role of hopelessness expectancy. , 1992, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[17]  R. Fieve,et al.  Personality traits and response to desipramine. , 1992, Journal of affective disorders.

[18]  Z. Segal,et al.  Cognitive and life stress predictors of relapse in remitted unipolar depressed patients: test of the congruency hypothesis. , 1992, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[19]  Sidney J. Blatt,et al.  Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition: Two prototypes for depression , 1992 .

[20]  T. Widiger,et al.  Differentiation of Axis I and Axis II disorders. , 1991, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[21]  D. Watson,et al.  Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. , 1991, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[22]  A. R. Harkness,et al.  An adaptational view of trauma response as illustrated by the prisoner of war experience , 1991 .

[23]  N. Breslau,et al.  Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. , 1991, Archives of general psychiatry.

[24]  P. Hewitt,et al.  Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[25]  C. Robins,et al.  Sociotropy and autonomy: differential patterns of clinical presentation in unipolar depression. , 1991, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[26]  A. Green,et al.  Effect of Personality Disorders on Outcome of Treatment , 1991, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[27]  David Watson,et al.  General affective dispositions in physical and psychological health. , 1991 .

[28]  S. Mineka,et al.  Animal Models of Psychopathology , 1991 .

[29]  S. Reiss.  Expectancy model of fear, anxiety, and panic , 1991 .

[30]  R. Rapee.  Generalized anxiety disorder: A review of clinical features and theoretical concepts , 1991 .

[31]  C. Holahan,et al.  Life stressors, personal and social resources, and depression: a 4-year structural model. , 1991, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[32]  C. E. Walker.  Clinical psychology : historical and research foundations , 1991 .

[33]  Donelson R. Forsyth,et al.  Handbook of social and clinical psychology : the health perspective , 1991 .

[34]  M. Mavissakalian.  The relationship between panic disorder/agoraphobia and personality disorders. , 1990, The Psychiatric clinics of North America.

[35]  R. McNally,et al.  Psychological approaches to panic disorder: a review. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[36]  C. Duggan,et al.  Does Personality Predict Long-Term Outcome in Depression? , 1990, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[37]  G. Andrews,et al.  Diagnosis, Personality and the Long-term Outcome of Depression , 1990, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[38]  A. Beck,et al.  Cognitive specificity and positive-negative affectivity: complementary or contradictory views on anxiety and depression? , 1990, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[39]  M. T. Nietzel,et al.  Relationship of dependency and achievement/autonomy to depression , 1990 .

[40]  R. DeRubeis,et al.  Cognitive Mediation of Relapse Prevention Following Treatment for Depression: Implications of Differential Risk , 1990 .

[41]  K. Phillips,et al.  A review of the depressive personality. , 1990, The American journal of psychiatry.

[42]  J. Kagan,et al.  Psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition in young children of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. , 1990, Archives of general psychiatry.

[43]  David Watson,et al.  Diurnal variation in the Positive Affects , 1989 .

[44]  J. Teasdale,et al.  Predictors of relapse in unipolar depressives: expressed emotion, marital distress, and perceived criticism , 1989 .

[45]  A. Rush,et al.  Cognitive biases and depression. , 1989, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[46]  T. Widiger.  The Categorical Distinction Between Personality and Affective Disorders , 1989 .

[47]  R. McNally.  Is anxiety sensitivity distinguishable from trait anxiety? Reply to Lilienfeld, Jacob, and Turner (1989). , 1989, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[48]  M B Keller,et al.  Premorbid personality assessments of first onset of major depression. , 1989, Archives of general psychiatry.

[49]  G. Metalsky,et al.  Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. , 1989 .

[50]  D. Watson,et al.  Health complaints, stress, and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity. , 1989, Psychological review.

[51]  P. Kendall,et al.  Anxiety and depression : distinctive and overlapping features , 1989 .

[52]  Lee Anna Clark,et al.  The anxiety and depressive disorders: Descriptive psychopathology and differential diagnosis. , 1989 .

[53]  J. Lucas,et al.  Anxiety sensitivity: Unitary personality trait or domain-specific appraisals? , 1989 .

[54]  W. Iacono,et al.  Neurobehavioral aspects of affective disorders. , 1989, Annual review of psychology.

[55]  D. Klein,et al.  Dependency and self-criticism in depression: evaluation in a clinical population. , 1988, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[56]  M. Drake.  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.) , 1988 .

[57]  D. Watson,et al.  Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. , 1988, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[58]  I. Gotlib,et al.  Psychosocial functioning and depression: distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences. , 1988, Psychological bulletin.

[59]  C J Robins,et al.  Attributions and depression: why is the literature so inconsistent? , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[60]  D. Spiegel,et al.  Dissociation and hypnotizability in posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1988, The American journal of psychiatry.

[61]  L. Robins,et al.  Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. Findings of the epidemiologic catchment area survey. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[62]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Personality features and response to acute treatment in recurrent depression. , 1987 .

[63]  J. Pollak.  Relationship of obsessive-compulsive personality to obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of the literature. , 1987, The Journal of psychology.

[64]  G. Metalsky,et al.  Vulnerability to depressive mood reactions: toward a more powerful test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the reformulated theory of depression. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[65]  Jeffrey A. Gray,et al.  The psychology of fear and stress, 2nd ed. , 1987 .

[66]  D. Magnusson,et al.  Psychopathology: An interactional perspective. , 1987 .

[67]  P. Costa,et al.  Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[68]  R. Noyes,et al.  The effect of state anxiety on personality measurement. , 1986, The American journal of psychiatry.

[69]  G. Klerman,et al.  Psycho-Social Predictors of Chronicity in Depressed Patients , 1986, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[70]  P. Sweeney,et al.  Attributional style in depression: a meta-analytic review. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[71]  E. Blanchard,et al.  Generalized anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder: description and reconceptualization. , 1986, The American journal of psychiatry.

[72]  S. Reiss,et al.  Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. , 1986, Behaviour research and therapy.

[73]  J. Maser,et al.  Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders , 2019 .

[74]  C. Brewin.  Depression and causal attributions: what is their relation? , 1985, Psychological bulletin.

[75]  C Peterson,et al.  Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: theory and evidence. , 1984, Psychological review.

[76]  D. Watson,et al.  Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. , 1984, Psychological bulletin.

[77]  M B Keller,et al.  Personality and Depression: Empirical Findings , 1983 .

[78]  H. Akiskal,et al.  The Relationship of Personality to Affective Disorders: A Critical Review , 1983 .

[79]  M. Gelder,et al.  Social Phobia: A Comparative Clinical Study , 1983, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[80]  P. Clayton,et al.  Treatment of depression : old controversies and new approaches , 1983, Psychological Medicine.

[81]  G. Klerman,et al.  Assessing personality: effects of the depressive state on trait measurement. , 1983, The American journal of psychiatry.

[82]  J. Gray,et al.  Précis of The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system , 1982, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[83]  E. Paykel.  Handbook of affective disorders , 1982 .

[84]  S Arieti,et al.  The psychological organization of depression. , 1980, The American journal of psychiatry.

[85]  R. Noyes,et al.  The prognosis of anxiety neurosis. , 1980, Archives of general psychiatry.

[86]  M. Liebowitz,et al.  Personality features of patients with primary affective disorder , 1979, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[87]  Tom W. Smith.  Happiness: Time trends, seasonal variations, intersurvey differences, and other mysteries. , 1979 .

[88]  J. Pollak.  Obsessive--compulsive personality: a review. , 1979, Psychological bulletin.

[89]  G. Klerman,et al.  Personality attributes and affective disorders. , 1979, The American journal of psychiatry.

[90]  M. Weissman,et al.  Personality and the prediction of long-term outcome of depression. , 1978, The American journal of psychiatry.

[91]  M. Seligman,et al.  Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation. , 1978, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[92]  J. Bowlby,et al.  The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds , 1977, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[93]  S. Blatt.  Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. , 1974, The Psychoanalytic study of the child.

[94]  J. Gray,et al.  The psychology of fear and stress , 1971 .

[95]  J. Åström,et al.  The Maudsley Personality Inventory as a Prognostic Instrument , 1970, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[96]  T. A. Kerr,et al.  The Relationship between the Maudsley Personality Inventory and the Course of Affective Disorders , 1970, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[97]  H. Eysenck.  EXTRAVERSION AND THE ACQUISITION OF EYEBLINK AND GSR CONDITIONED RESPONSES. , 1965, Psychological bulletin.

[98]  G. Foulds.  The manual of the Maudsley personality inventory , 1960 .

[99]  A. Freud,et al.  The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child , 1948 .