SHORE ICE PILE-UP AND RIDE-UP: FIELD OBSERVATIONS, MODELS, THEORETICAL ANALYSES

Abstract A review of the literature on shore ice pile-up and ride-up in arctic and subarctic waters is presented, along with an account of recent observations made by the authors. Cross-sectional profiles of these features are presented from which models and theoretical analyses were made. The expressions derived give the force required to overcome gravitational potential and friction occurring during ice-piling and ride-up. It was estimated that the distributed force required during ice-piling or ride-up was of the order of 10 to 350 kPa (about 1.5 to 50 psi). Field observations revealed that shore ice pile-up or ride-up appears to occur within a period of less than 30 minutes, at any time of year but most often in the spring and fall. Pile-up seldom occurs more than 10 m inland from the sea but ride-up frequently extends 50 m or more inland, regardless of ice thickness. While steeply sloping shores do not favor ice ride-up, sea ice has mounted the steep, 9-m-high bluff at Barrow, Alaska, destroying structures and taking lives.

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