Practice guidelines for the treatment of Lyme disease. The Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Gary P. Wormser,1 Robert B. Nadelman,1 'Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York Raymond J. Dattwyler,2 David T. Dennis,6 Medical College, Valhalla, 2Division of Allergy, Immunology Eugene D. Shapiro,7 Allen C. Steere,9 and Lyme Disease, Department of Medicine, 3Department Thoma J. Rush,' D l W. R n, of Neurology, and 4Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Thomas J. Rush,5 Daniel W. Rahn,10 T a sa J. R ,' 'Danid W Prang, State University of New York at Stony Brook, and 5private practice, Patricia K. Coyle,3 David H. Persing,1 Briarcliff Manor, New York; 6Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Durland Fish,8 and Benjamin J. Luft4 Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Departments of 7Pediatrics and 8Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; 9Tufts University School of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; 'OOffice of Medical Management, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta; and "Diagnostics Development, Corixa Corporation, and Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle Life Sciences Center, Seattle, Washington

[1]  E. Fikrig,et al.  Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[2]  R. C. Johnson,et al.  Failure of treatment with cephalexin for Lyme disease. , 2000, Archives of family medicine.

[3]  R. Nadelman,et al.  Effects of OspA Vaccination on Lyme Disease Serologic Testing , 1999, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[4]  A. Steere,et al.  Successful treatment of Lyme encephalopathy with intravenous ceftriaxone. , 1999, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[5]  C. Berg,et al.  Abortion surveillance--United States, 1999. , 2002, Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries.

[6]  R. Nadelman,et al.  Lyme disease serology: problems and opportunities. , 1999, JAMA.

[7]  Langone Jj,et al.  Role of serology in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. , 1999 .

[8]  L. Hagberg,et al.  Successful oral doxycycline treatment of Lyme disease-associated facial palsy and meningitis. , 1999, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[9]  M. Liang,et al.  Outcomes of children treated for Lyme disease. , 1998, The Journal of rheumatology.

[10]  G. Birkhead,et al.  Human babesiosis in New York State: Review of 139 hospitalized cases and analysis of prognostic factors. , 1998, Archives of internal medicine.

[11]  L. Ong,et al.  Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in Malaysia. , 1998, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[12]  A. Steere,et al.  Identification of LFA-1 as a candidate autoantigen in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. , 1998, Science.

[13]  R. Pollack,et al.  Persistent parasitemia after acute babesiosis. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[14]  M. Fradin.  Mosquitoes and Mosquito Repellents: A Clinician's Guide , 1998, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[15]  A. Steere,et al.  Neurocognitive abnormalities in children after classic manifestations of Lyme disease. , 1998, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[16]  G. Strickland,et al.  Tick bites and Lyme disease in an endemic setting: problematic use of serologic testing and prophylactic antibiotic therapy. , 1998, JAMA.

[17]  A. Steere,et al.  Laboratory Evaluation in the Diagnosis of Lyme Disease , 1997, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[18]  S. Pauker,et al.  Cost effectiveness of oral as compared with intravenous antibiotic therapy for patients with early Lyme disease or Lyme arthritis. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[19]  B. Luft,et al.  Ceftriaxone compared with doxycycline for the treatment of acute disseminated Lyme disease. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[20]  R. Nadelman,et al.  Simultaneous human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and Lyme borreliosis. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[21]  J. Jacobs.  Lyme Disease in Children in Southeastern Connecticut , 1997 .

[22]  R. Nadelman,et al.  Lyme disease in children. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[23]  B. Leib-Feldman.  Lyme disease in children. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[24]  Barbara J. B. Johnson,et al.  Duration of tick attachment as a predictor of the risk of Lyme disease in an area in which Lyme disease is endemic. , 1997, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[25]  G. Wormser,et al.  Treatment and Prevention of Lyme Disease, with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Therapy for Neuroborreliosis and Vaccination , 1997, Seminars in neurology.

[26]  J. Nowakowski,et al.  Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis: A Case Series from a Medical Center in New York State , 1996, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[27]  E. Shapiro,et al.  Lyme disease in children in southeastern Connecticut. Pediatric Lyme Disease Study Group. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[28]  J. Dawson,et al.  Perpetuation of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a deer tick-rodent cycle. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[29]  R. Pollack,et al.  Concurrent Lyme disease and babesiosis. Evidence for increased severity and duration of illness. , 1996, JAMA.

[30]  B. Luft,et al.  Azithromycin Compared with Amoxicillin in the Treatment of Erythema Migrans: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial , 1996, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[31]  F. Strle,et al.  Treatment of erythema migrans in pregnancy. , 1996, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[32]  R. Nadelman,et al.  The clinical spectrum of early Lyme borreliosis in patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans. , 1996, The American journal of medicine.

[33]  J. Halperin,et al.  Practice parameters for the diagnosis of patients with nervous system Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease) , 1996, Neurology.

[34]  B. Luft,et al.  Clarithromycin in treatment of early Lyme disease: a pilot study , 1996, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.

[35]  J. Bakken,et al.  Clinical and laboratory characteristics of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. , 1996, JAMA.

[36]  D. Dennis,et al.  Tick-borne diseases--a growing risk. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[37]  A. Komaroff,et al.  Chronic Fatigue and the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Prevalence in a Pacific Northwest Health Care System , 1995, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[38]  B. Strobino,et al.  Maternal Lyme disease and congenital malformations: a cord blood serosurvey in endemic and control areas. , 1995, Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology.

[39]  Wormser Gp.  Lyme disease: insights into the use of antimicrobials for prevention and treatment in the context of experience with other spirochetal infections. , 1995 .

[40]  R. Nadelman,et al.  Erythema migrans and early Lyme disease. , 1995, The American journal of medicine.

[41]  R. Nadelman,et al.  Comparison of cefuroxime axetil and doxycycline in treatment of patients with early Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans , 1995, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.

[42]  R. Nadelman,et al.  Doxycycline versus tetracycline therapy for Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans. , 1995, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[43]  D. Dennis,et al.  Biliary complications in the treatment of unsubstantiated Lyme disease. , 1995, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[44]  L. Lindquist,et al.  Comparison of intravenous penicillin G and oral doxycycline for treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis , 1994, Neurology.

[45]  C. Schmid,et al.  Treatment of Lyme arthritis. , 1994, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[46]  E. P. Dellinger,et al.  Purpose of Quality Standards for Infectious Diseases , 1994 .

[47]  A. Steere,et al.  Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polymerase chain reaction in synovial fluid from patients with Lyme arthritis. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[48]  R. Schwartz,et al.  The value of early treatment of deer tick bites for the prevention of Lyme disease. , 1993, American journal of diseases of children.

[49]  J. Jorgensen,et al.  Comparative in vitro activities of clarithromycin, azithromycin, and erythromycin against Borrelia burgdorferi , 1993, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[50]  S. Abid,et al.  Lyme disease and pregnancy outcome: a prospective study of two thousand prenatal patients. , 1993, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[51]  P. Mitchell,et al.  Primary and secondary erythema migrans in central Wisconsin. , 1993, Archives of dermatology.

[52]  A. Berg,et al.  A controlled trial of antimicrobial prophylaxis for Lyme disease after deer-tick bites. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[53]  B. Schwartz,et al.  Prevention of Lyme disease after tick bites. A cost-effectiveness analysis. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[54]  R. Nadelman,et al.  Comparison of Cefuroxime Axetil and Doxycycline in the Treatment of Early Lyme Disease , 1992, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[55]  D. Jobe,et al.  In vitro susceptibilities of Borrelia burgdorferi to five oral cephalosporins and ceftriaxone , 1992, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[56]  A. Lebech,et al.  Roxithromycin in Lyme borreliosis: discrepant results of an in vitro and in vivo animal susceptibility study and a clinical trial in patients with erythema migrans. , 1992, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[57]  A. Steere,et al.  Treatment of refractory chronic Lyme arthritis with arthroscopic synovectomy. , 1991, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[58]  Jean Côté,et al.  Lyme Disease , 1991, International journal of dermatology.

[59]  G. Maupin,et al.  Duration of adult female Ixodes dammini attachment and transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, with description of a needle aspiration isolation method. , 1991, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[60]  F. Sörgel,et al.  Randomized comparison of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime in Lyme neuroborreliosis. , 1991, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[61]  B. Luft,et al.  Amoxycillin plus probenecid versus doxycycline for treatment of erythema migrans borreliosis , 1990, The Lancet.

[62]  H. Pfister,et al.  Cefotaxime vs penicillin G for acute neurologic manifestations in Lyme borreliosis. A prospective randomized study. , 1989, Archives of neurology.

[63]  B. W. Berger.  Dermatologic manifestations of Lyme disease. , 1989, Reviews of infectious diseases.

[64]  A. Steere,et al.  A prospective study of tick bites in an endemic area for Lyme disease. , 1989, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[65]  J. Halperin,et al.  TREATMENT OF LATE LYME BORRELIOSIS—RANDOMISED COMPARISON OF CEFTRIAXONE AND PENICILLIN , 1988, The Lancet.

[66]  A. Spielman,et al.  Babesia microti: prolonged survival of salavarian piroplasms in nymphal Ixodes dammini. , 1987, Experimental parasitology.

[67]  J. Piesman,et al.  Simultaneous transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti by individual nymphal Ixodes dammini ticks , 1987, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[68]  J. Halperin,et al.  Ceftriaxone as effective therapy in refractory Lyme disease. , 1987, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[69]  F J Ascione,et al.  Exploring the Iceberg: Common Symptoms and How People Care for Them , 1987, Medical care.

[70]  A. Spielman,et al.  Dissemination and salivary delivery of Lyme disease spirochetes in vector ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). , 1987, Journal of medical entomology.

[71]  A. Spielman,et al.  Duration of tick attachment and Borrelia burgdorferi transmission , 1987, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[72]  B. Athreya,et al.  Childhood Lyme arthritis: experience in an endemic area. , 1986, The Journal of pediatrics.

[73]  R. Dobie,et al.  Facial Paralysis from Lyme Disease , 1985, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[74]  P. Duray,et al.  Maternal-fetal transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. , 1985, Annals of internal medicine.

[75]  G. Needham.  Evaluation of five popular methods for tick removal. , 1985, Pediatrics.

[76]  A. Steere,et al.  Successful parenteral penicillin therapy of established Lyme arthritis. , 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

[77]  R. P. Andrew,et al.  Neurologic abnormalities of Lyme disease: successful treatment with high-dose intravenous penicillin. , 1983, Annals of internal medicine.

[78]  F. Wolfe,et al.  Prevalence of primary and secondary fibrositis. , 1983, The Journal of rheumatology.

[79]  A. Steere,et al.  Treatment of the early manifestations of Lyme disease. , 1983, Annals of internal medicine.

[80]  A. Steere,et al.  The early clinical manifestations of Lyme disease. , 1983, Annals of internal medicine.

[81]  A. Steere,et al.  Antibiotic therapy in Lyme disease. , 1980, Annals of internal medicine.

[82]  A. Steere,et al.  Lyme Carditis: Cardiac Abnormalities of Lyme Disease , 1980 .

[83]  A. Richards,et al.  Letter: Osteitis condensans ilii. , 1975, Lancet.

[84]  D. Lowenthal,et al.  Adverse nondrug reactions. , 1968, The New England journal of medicine.

[85]  R. Fishman.  Blood-brain and CSF barriers to penicillin and related organic acids. , 1966, Archives of neurology.

[86]  Ennis,et al.  Vaccination against Lyme Disease with Recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi Outer-Surface Lipoprotein A with Adjuvant , 2000 .

[87]  J. J. Langone,et al.  Role of serology in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. , 1999, JAMA.

[88]  S. M. Hewitt.  Recommendations for the use of Lyme disease vaccine. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) , 1999, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.

[89]  P. Tugwell,et al.  Guidelines for Laboratory Evaluation in the Diagnosis of Lyme Disease , 1997, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[90]  G. Wormser.  Lyme disease: insights into the use of antimicrobials for prevention and treatment in the context of experience with other spirochetal infections. , 1995, The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York.

[91]  R. Aronowitz.  Prevention of Lyme disease after tick bites. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[92]  U. Wurster,et al.  Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[93]  A. Steere.  Medical progress. Lyme disease , 1989 .

[94]  G. Norkrans,et al.  The use of doxycycline in nervous system Borrelia burgdorferi infection. , 1988, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases. Supplementum.

[95]  M. Chen.  The epidemiology of self-perceived fatigue among adults. , 1986, Preventive medicine.

[96]  A. Spielman,et al.  Ecology of Ixodes dammini-borne human babesiosis and Lyme disease. , 1985, Annual review of entomology.