SECONDARY BATTERIES – LEAD– ACID SYSTEMS | Automotive Batteries: Conventional

The automotive battery is an essential component in more than 1 billion road vehicles in use currently, although it does not directly contribute to vehicle propulsion. It is the dominant application of lead–acid battery technology worldwide. Technical requirements are much more manifold than for other applications, including high-rate discharge at very low temperatures for cranking the engine, dampening of system voltage as in a smoothing capacitor, and undefined float recharge and cycling duty at various rates at low and high temperatures, combined with extended off periods when the vehicle is not in use. The onboard electricity buffer bridges supply of electrical appliances during periods of insufficient energy generation by the alternator, and stores energy when there is a surplus in generation. Although the number and type of electrical components are increasing, the automotive battery is monitored and managed for integration into strategies for vehicle comfort, safety, economy, and ecology, e.g., with braking energy recuperation and stop/start.

[1]  Rudi Kaiser,et al.  Charging performance of automotive batteries—An underestimated factor influencing lifetime and reliable battery operation , 2007 .

[2]  Masaaki Shiomi,et al.  Advanced technologies in VRLA batteries for automotive applications , 2006 .

[3]  D. Berndt.  Maintenance-Free Batteries , 1993 .

[4]  D. Berndt,et al.  Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries , 2001 .

[5]  Eberhard Meissner,et al.  Vehicle electric power systems are under change! Implications for design, monitoring and management of automotive batteries , 2001 .

[6]  P. Ruetschi.  Aging mechanisms and service life of lead–acid batteries , 2004 .

[7]  Paul Shinn,et al.  Requirements for future automotive batteries – a snapshot , 2005 .

[8]  H. Bode.  Lead-acid batteries , 1977 .

[9]  P. T. Moseley,et al.  High rate partial-state-of-charge operation of VRLA batteries , 2004 .

[10]  Eberhard Meissner,et al.  42 V — an indication for changing requirements on the vehicle electrical system , 2001 .

[11]  P. Ruetschi,et al.  Review on the lead-acid battery science and technology , 1977 .

[12]  L. T. Lam,et al.  Failure mode of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries under high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation , 2004 .

[13]  Eberhard Meissner,et al.  Calculation of potential distribution and voltage drop at electrodes on high-rate discharge: literature survey and computer-aided approach , 1993 .

[14]  Eberhard Meissner,et al.  The challenge to the automotive battery industry : the battery has to become an increasingly integrated component within the vehicle electric power system , 2005 .

[15]  Robert G. Gruenstern,et al.  Inspira™ — an enabling battery technology for high voltage automotive electrical systems , 2000 .

[16]  W Böhnstedt.  A review of future directions in automotive battery separators , 2004 .

[17]  Eberhard Meissner,et al.  Battery Monitoring and Electrical Energy Management , 2003 .

[18]  R. Prengaman.  Improvements to active material for VRLA batteries , 2005 .

[19]  J. Smith,et al.  Batteries for automotive use , 1997 .

[20]  David A. J. Rand,et al.  Changes in the demands on automotive batteries require changes in battery design , 2004 .

[21]  Robert G. Gruenstern,et al.  Energy storage and management systems for 42 V architectures , 2001 .