WE HAVEN'T TALKED IN 30 YEARS!

The phenomenon of reconnection of dormant ties using internet communication technologies has been identified as having salience in the use of social media forms by midlife and older adults. Dormant ties, as distinguished from those that are merely inactive, are those that were once operational, but which have lapsed under the stressors of time, distance and circumstance, such as relationships between former college friends, neighbors or work colleagues. Reconnection is the process by which these dormant ties become active again, and is an activity which is supported in unique ways by internet communication technologies. This study presents findings from interviews with midlife adults on how the use of email, social network sites and search engines is leveraged to enhance and support the reconnection of dormant relationships and maintain weak ties. Grounded in a life course perspective, it examines how the experiences of longevity and the life course alter perceptions of the attributes and drawbacks that these technologies offer. By examining adults at midlife, a less-well studied group than teens and young adults, this work provides a more nuanced perspective of the technological practices at varied points in life, and offers insight on how various communication technologies might be utilized at different life stages.

[1]  B. Wellman The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers , 1979, American Journal of Sociology.

[2]  Steven Walczak,et al.  Unfriending on Facebook: Friend Request and Online/Offline Behavior Analysis , 2011, 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[3]  Assist,et al.  The Supportive Behaviors of Older Social Network Site Users. , 2009 .

[4]  K. Pillemer,et al.  Environmental volunteering and health outcomes over a 20-year period. , 2010, The Gerontologist.

[5]  Pat O'Connor Friendships between women: a critical review , 1993 .

[6]  Daniele Quercia,et al.  Loosing "friends" on Facebook , 2012, WebSci '12.

[7]  N. Selwyn,et al.  Older adults' use of information and communications technology in everyday life , 2003, Ageing and Society.

[8]  Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi After Pomp and Circumstance: High School Reunion as an Autobiographical Occasion , 1998 .

[9]  B. Nardi,et al.  It's Not What You Know, It's Who You Know: Work in the Information Age , 2000, First Monday.

[10]  Alexander van Deursen,et al.  Improving digital skills for the use of online public information and services , 2009, Gov. Inf. Q..

[11]  Bonnie A. Nardi,et al.  NetWORKers and their Activity in Intensional Networks , 2002, Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW).

[12]  Glen H. Elder,et al.  Life Course Research: Development of a Field , 1998 .

[13]  Donald O. Case,et al.  Looking for Information: A Survey of Research on Information Seeking, Needs and Behavior , 2012 .

[14]  Eszter Hargittai,et al.  Whose Space? Differences Among Users and Non-Users of Social Network Sites , 2007, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[15]  Laura L. Carstensen,et al.  Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: support for socioemotional selectivity theory. , 1992, Psychology and aging.

[16]  R. Kelly Rainer,et al.  The Influence of Individual Differences on Skill in End-User Computing , 1992, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[17]  H. Wahl,et al.  Historical Perspectives of Middle Age Within the Life Span , 2005 .

[18]  A. Stewart,et al.  "If I had it to do over again...": midlife review, midcourse corrections, and women's well-being in midlife. , 1999, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[19]  S. Cutler,et al.  Age differences in home computer availability and use. , 2003, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[20]  P. V. Marsden,et al.  Measuring Tie Strength , 1984 .

[21]  G. Simmel,et al.  Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations , 1955 .

[22]  Rebecca Eynon,et al.  Adults learning online: Digital choice and/or digital exclusion? , 2011, New Media Soc..

[23]  Mike Martin,et al.  Cognitive Development in Midlife , 2005 .

[24]  K. Fingerman Growing Together: The Consequential Stranger: Peripheral Relationships across the Life Span , 2003 .

[25]  W. K. Rawlins,et al.  Friendship Matters: Communication, Dialectics, and the Life Course , 1992 .

[26]  R. Atchley,et al.  Social forces and aging : an introduction to social gerontology , 1997 .

[27]  Keith N. Hampton Grieving for a Lost Network: Collective Action in a Wired Suburb Special Issue: ICTs and Community Networking , 2003, Inf. Soc..

[28]  Phil Turner,et al.  How older people account for their experiences with interactive technology , 2007, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[29]  Caroline Haythornthwaite,et al.  Strong, Weak, and Latent Ties and the Impact of New Media , 2002, Inf. Soc..

[30]  WhittakerSteve,et al.  NetWORKers and their Activity in IntensionalNetworks , 2002 .

[31]  K. Redford,et al.  Communication as a means of building support for protected areas , 2005 .

[32]  T. Antonucci,et al.  Dynamics of social relationships in midlife. , 2001 .

[33]  Anne Morris,et al.  E-literacy and the grey digital divide: a review with recommendations , 2007 .

[34]  Cliff Lampe,et al.  FEATURESocial network sites and society: current trends and future possibilities , 2009, INTR.

[35]  Viktor Mayer-Schönberger,et al.  Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age , 2009 .

[36]  Stephanie M. Reich,et al.  Online and Offline Social Networks: Use of Social Networking Sites by Emerging Adults , 2008 .

[37]  Samuel D Gosling,et al.  Global self-esteem across the life span. , 2002, Psychology and aging.

[38]  Andrew M. Ledbetter Patterns of media use and multiplexity: associations with sex, geographic distance and friendship interdependence , 2009, New Media Soc..

[39]  Bonnie A. Nardi,et al.  It's Not What You Know, It's Who You Know: Work in the Information Age , 2000, First Monday.

[40]  F. Lang,et al.  Growing Together: Coming Together: A Perspective on Relationships across the Life Span , 2003 .

[41]  Cliff Lampe,et al.  The Benefits of Facebook "Friends: " Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites , 2007, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[42]  S. Feld The Focused Organization of Social Ties , 1981, American Journal of Sociology.

[43]  M. Lachman Development in midlife. , 2004, Annual review of psychology.

[44]  Graham R. Gibbs,et al.  Analyzing Qualitative Data , 2014 .

[45]  Graham R. Gibbs,et al.  Analyzing Biographies and Narratives , 2014 .

[46]  Frank Biocca,et al.  Toward a More Robust Theory and Measure of Social Presence: Review and Suggested Criteria , 2003, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[47]  M. Lachman,et al.  Images of midlife development among young, middle-aged, and older adults , 1994 .

[48]  M. Patton,et al.  Qualitative evaluation and research methods , 1992 .

[49]  K. Roberto,et al.  Growing Together: Friendship across the Life Span: Reciprocity in Individual and Relationship Development , 2003 .

[50]  U. Staudinger,et al.  Self-Development at Midlife: Lifespan Perspectives on Adjustment and Growth , 2005 .

[51]  Rebecca G. Adams Placing Friendship in Context: The demise of territorial determinism: online friendships , 1999 .

[52]  Daniel Z. Levin,et al.  Dormant Ties: The Value of Reconnecting , 2011, Organ. Sci..

[53]  C. Kadushin,et al.  The Friends and Supporters of Psychotherapy: on social circles in urban life. , 1966, American sociological review.

[54]  Judith Donath,et al.  Signals in Social Supernets , 2007, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[55]  K. Schaie,et al.  Intellectual Functioning in Midlife , 1999 .

[56]  R. Pahl,et al.  Rethinking Friendship: Hidden Solidarities Today , 2006 .

[57]  B. Townsend Dual-earner couples and long work hours : A structural and life course perspective , 2001 .

[58]  K. Quinn,et al.  Visible Pathways: A Life Course Perspective on Technology Use and Relationship Reconnection , 2012 .

[59]  N. Babchuk,et al.  The Primary Relations of Middle-Class Couples: A Study in Male Dominance , 1963 .

[60]  G. Elder,et al.  The life course as developmental theory. , 1998, Child development.

[61]  Tanya D Finchum,et al.  Keeping the Ball in the Air: Contact in Long-Distance Friendships , 2005, Journal of women & aging.

[62]  Sukanya Ray,et al.  Online Communication Preferences across Age, Gender, and Duration of Internet Use , 2006, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[63]  Mark S. Granovetter The Strength of Weak Ties , 1973, American Journal of Sociology.

[64]  B. Halpern,et al.  Emotional development during the middle years. , 2001 .