Energy basis for the United States

In this annual report, energy-systems language was used to overview the energy basis of the US showing the vitality of the economy dependent on matching of high-quality fuel energies with lower-quality renewable energies based on the sun. When expressed in calories of the same type of energy, the US economy is 1/3 from the renewable energies and 2/3 from fuels, although most evaluations of national energy omit the environmental energies because the indirect contribution to the economy through life-support services is not recognized. Overview simulation models show a cresting to US growth as net energies of resident fuels decrease and as net energy in exchange of foreign trade also decreases. As fuels become less yielding, the environmental portion of the nation's energy becomes proportionately more valuable. Means were pursued for quantitative evaluation of the environmental energies in order to predict their role, evaluate which are most important, evaluate environmental impact questions, and provide guidelines for new public policy for the coming period of regression. The various kinds of environmental energies constitute a hierarchy from dilute solar energy to more concentrated winds, water flows, and tides. Determining their equivalence to fuels for operating the economy required estimation of energy-quality-transformation efficiencies. Thesemore » quality factors are for flows and storages of environmental energy.Storages of environmental energy embodied in soils, forests, and geological forms of landscapes were calculated. A separate abstract was prepared for each of the 13 individual reports.« less