GENETIC ASPECTS OF BIOSYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF SALMONELLA SOMATIC POLYSACCHARIDE

The genetic approach has proved valuable in the investigation of the structure of the complex somatic polysaccharide of Salmonella LPS, because a variant unable to effect some biochemical reaction involved in the biosynthesis of wild-type somatic polysaccharide makes an abnormaI LPS, with a polysaccharide component simpler than that of the wild-type form. These simplified LPS and polysaccharides have proved useful both for analysis of structure and as substrates in experiments on their in vitro and in vivo conversion into complete-or more nearly complete-structures. The genetic control of the structure of Salmonella somatic polysaccharide is of special interest to the microbial geneticist, among other reasons because of the unusually great differences in chemical structure (and by inference in equipment of the relevant biosynthetic enzymes and of genes controlling them) between Salmonella of different 0 groups, which are yet capable of hybridization. Other writers in this monograph have discussed the phenomenon of 0-antigen conversion by phages. We shall consider the changes in somatic polysaccharide constitution which result either from mutation in a single strain or from recombination between wild-type strains of different 0 groups. In Salmonella of various species, conjugation and genetic recombination of two strains can be achieved by mixing a “female” (gene-acceptor) strain with a strain made into a “male” or gene-donor strain by the use of either colicine factors (Ozeki and Howarth, 1961; Smith and Stocker, 1962; Subbaiah and Stocker, 1964) or of the F factor, integrated into the chromosome of an Hfr strain (Makela, 1963, 1965; Sanderson and Demerec, 1965). By analysis of their pattern of segregation among recombinants from such crosses, it has been shown that all the genes of Salmonella, as of Escherichia coli, can be ordered in a single circular linkage map, corresponding (it is thought) to a closed-loop chromosome or DNA molecule. Genes responsible for particular features of the structure of somatic polysaccharide can be mapped in this way. In the interpretation of the results, it is assumed:

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