Pathogenetic and clinical relevance of microRNAs in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been described as a multistep disease due to the progressive accumulation of mutations and chromosomal rearrangements involving critical oncogenes or oncosuppressors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small interfering RNAs frequently involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. Several genome-wide profiling studies have identified miRNAs deregulated in colorectal cancer. Many of these deregulated miRNAs contribute to CRC tumorigenesis and may help to understand CRC pathogenesis, prognosis and response to treatment. This review will focus on common mechanisms involved in miRNA alterations in CRC, their functional implication in CRC development and the potential use of miRNAs as prognostic and predictive surrogate markers for the management of CRC patients.

[1]  Xabier Agirre,et al.  Epigenetic regulation of microRNA expression in colorectal cancer , 2009, International journal of cancer.

[2]  L. Sepp-Lorenzino,et al.  Growth inhibition by microRNAs that target the insulin receptor substrate-1 , 2009, Cell cycle.

[3]  Shuji Fujita,et al.  Locked Nucleic Acid In situ Hybridization Analysis of miR-21 Expression during Colorectal Cancer Development , 2009, Clinical Cancer Research.

[4]  T. Kwok,et al.  The miR-18a* microRNA functions as a potential tumor suppressor by targeting on K-Ras. , 2009, Carcinogenesis.

[5]  E. Spisni,et al.  MiR-101 downregulation is involved in cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression in human colon cancer cells. , 2009, Experimental cell research.

[6]  H. Cedar,et al.  Linking DNA methylation and histone modification: patterns and paradigms , 2009, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[7]  K. Mimori,et al.  Over- and under-expressed microRNAs in human colorectal cancer. , 2009, International journal of oncology.

[8]  Jackeline Agorreta,et al.  microRNA-451 Regulates Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Production and Proliferation of Gastrointestinal Cancer Cells , 2009, Clinical Cancer Research.

[9]  X. Chen,et al.  Role of miR-143 targeting KRAS in colorectal tumorigenesis , 2009, Oncogene.

[10]  Carla Oliveira,et al.  A TARBP2 mutation in human cancer impairs microRNA processing and DICER1 function , 2009, Nature Genetics.

[11]  Catrina E. King,et al.  Does MicroRNA microarray for the microsatellite status have a big translational impact? , 2009, Gastroenterology.

[12]  G. Marshall,et al.  The critical role of the class III histone deacetylase SIRT1 in cancer. , 2009, Cancer research.

[13]  John S Mattick,et al.  Regulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Human Cancer Cells by MicroRNA-7* , 2009, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[14]  Jun Yu,et al.  1070 Differential Expression of MicroRNAs in Plasma of Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Potential Marker for Colorectal Cancer Screening , 2009 .

[15]  Mircea Ivan,et al.  MicroRNA regulation of DNA repair gene expression in hypoxic stress. , 2009, Cancer research.

[16]  M. Pollak,et al.  Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signalling in neoplasia , 2008, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[17]  P. Sætrom,et al.  MicroRNA-directed transcriptional gene silencing in mammalian cells , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[18]  Kishore Guda,et al.  The noncoding RNA, miR‐126, suppresses the growth of neoplastic cells by targeting phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase signaling and is frequently lost in colon cancers , 2008, Genes, chromosomes & cancer.

[19]  X. Chen,et al.  Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases , 2008, Cell Research.

[20]  S. Ropero,et al.  A microRNA DNA methylation signature for human cancer metastasis , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[21]  M. Yamakuchi,et al.  miR-34a repression of SIRT1 regulates apoptosis , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[22]  Raquel Díaz,et al.  Deregulated expression of miR‐106a predicts survival in human colon cancer patients , 2008, Genes, chromosomes & cancer.

[23]  Bernat Gel,et al.  Overlapping expression of microRNAs in human embryonic colon and colorectal cancer , 2008, Cell Research.

[24]  Danish Sayed,et al.  MicroRNA-21 targets Sprouty2 and promotes cellular outgrowths. , 2008, Molecular biology of the cell.

[25]  Frank J. Sørensen,et al.  Diagnostic and prognostic microRNAs in stage II colon cancer. , 2008, Cancer research.

[26]  Reuven Agami,et al.  Regulation of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene by the miR-135 family in colorectal cancer. , 2008, Cancer research.

[27]  M. Washington,et al.  Epigenetic silencing of the intronic microRNA hsa-miR-342 and its host gene EVL in colorectal cancer , 2008, Oncogene.

[28]  F. Hirsch,et al.  EGFR regulation by microRNA in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response and survival to gefitinib and EGFR expression in cell lines. , 2008, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[29]  M. Toyota,et al.  Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-34b/c and B-cell translocation gene 4 is associated with CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer. , 2008, Cancer research.

[30]  H. Allgayer,et al.  MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) post-transcriptionally downregulates tumor suppressor Pdcd4 and stimulates invasion, intravasation and metastasis in colorectal cancer , 2008, Oncogene.

[31]  R. Aharonov,et al.  MicroRNAs accurately identify cancer tissue origin , 2008, Nature Biotechnology.

[32]  George A Calin,et al.  MicroRNA expression profiles associated with prognosis and therapeutic outcome in colon adenocarcinoma. , 2008, JAMA.

[33]  R. Vyzula,et al.  Altered Expression of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 Is Related to Clinicopathologic Features of Colorectal Cancer , 2008, Oncology.

[34]  J. Steitz,et al.  Switching from Repression to Activation: MicroRNAs Can Up-Regulate Translation , 2007, Science.

[35]  Renato Baserga,et al.  Micro RNA 145 Targets the Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 and Inhibits the Growth of Colon Cancer Cells* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[36]  K. Hemminki,et al.  Polymorphisms within micro-RNA-binding sites and risk of sporadic colorectal cancer. , 2007, Carcinogenesis.

[37]  T. Sugimura,et al.  SND1, a component of RNA-induced silencing complex, is up-regulated in human colon cancers and implicated in early stage colon carcinogenesis. , 2007, Cancer research.

[38]  Naoto Tsuchiya,et al.  Tumor-suppressive miR-34a induces senescence-like growth arrest through modulation of the E2F pathway in human colon cancer cells , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[39]  Lorena Rossi,et al.  Modification of miR gene expression pattern in human colon cancer cells following exposure to 5-fluorouracil in vitro. , 2007, Pharmacological research.

[40]  George A Calin,et al.  mRNA/microRNA gene expression profile in microsatellite unstable colorectal cancer , 2007, Molecular Cancer.

[41]  K. Ghoshal,et al.  MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer. , 2007, Gastroenterology.

[42]  Michael A. Beer,et al.  Transactivation of miR-34a by p53 broadly influences gene expression and promotes apoptosis. , 2007, Molecular cell.

[43]  T. Golub,et al.  Impaired microRNA processing enhances cellular transformation and tumorigenesis , 2007, Nature Genetics.

[44]  M. Fraga,et al.  Genetic unmasking of an epigenetically silenced microRNA in human cancer cells. , 2007, Cancer research.

[45]  Y. Akao,et al.  MicroRNAs 143 and 145 are possible common onco-microRNAs in human cancers. , 2006, Oncology reports.

[46]  C. Andersen,et al.  Are microRNAs located in genomic regions associated with cancer? , 2006, British Journal of Cancer.

[47]  Masakazu Yamamoto,et al.  Non-coding MicroRNAs hsa-let-7g and hsa-miR-181b are Associated with Chemoresponse to S-1 in Colon Cancer. , 2006, Cancer genomics & proteomics.

[48]  Joel S Parker,et al.  Extensive post-transcriptional regulation of microRNAs and its implications for cancer. , 2006, Genes & development.

[49]  X. Agirre,et al.  Identification by Real-time PCR of 13 mature microRNAs differentially expressed in colorectal cancer and non-tumoral tissues , 2006, Molecular Cancer.

[50]  Y. Akao,et al.  let-7 microRNA functions as a potential growth suppressor in human colon cancer cells. , 2006, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[51]  Brian S. Roberts,et al.  The colorectal microRNAome. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[52]  C. Croce,et al.  A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[53]  H. Horvitz,et al.  MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers , 2005, Nature.

[54]  V. Kim.  MicroRNA biogenesis: coordinated cropping and dicing , 2005, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[55]  C. Croce,et al.  Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[56]  J. Crawford,et al.  Activation of tyrosine kinases in cancer. , 2003, The oncologist.

[57]  Michael Z Michael,et al.  Reduced accumulation of specific microRNAs in colorectal neoplasia. , 2003, Molecular cancer research : MCR.

[58]  J. Hainsworth,et al.  Diagnostic and therapeutic management of cancer of an unknown primary. , 2003, European journal of cancer.

[59]  G. Ruvkun,et al.  A uniform system for microRNA annotation. , 2003, RNA.

[60]  Phillip D Zamore,et al.  Why do miRNAs live in the miRNP? , 2002, Genes & development.

[61]  H. Clevers,et al.  APC, Signal transduction and genetic instability in colorectal cancer , 2001, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[62]  T. Stokke,et al.  Chromosomal gains and losses in primary colorectal carcinomas detected by CGH and their associations with tumour DNA ploidy, genotypes and phenotypes , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[63]  R. DuBois,et al.  Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 , 1995, Cell.

[64]  R. Coffey,et al.  Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. , 1994, Gastroenterology.

[65]  Rudolf Jaenisch,et al.  Role for DNA methylation in genomic imprinting , 1993, Nature.

[66]  B. Vogelstein,et al.  A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis , 1990, Cell.

[67]  M. Shah,et al.  K-ras mutations in colorectal cancer: a practice changing discovery. , 2009, Clinical advances in hematology & oncology : H&O.

[68]  W. Filipowicz,et al.  Decreased levels of microRNA miR-122 in individuals with hepatitis C responding poorly to interferon therapy , 2009, Nature Medicine.

[69]  M. Svoboda,et al.  Micro-RNAs miR125b and miR137 are frequently upregulated in response to capecitabine chemoradiotherapy of rectal cancer. , 2008, International journal of oncology.

[70]  Tsung-Cheng Chang,et al.  Widespread microRNA repression by Myc contributes to tumorigenesis , 2008, Nature Genetics.