Omissions, Ambiguities, and Underuse of Causal Assessment Tools: a Systematic Review of Case Reports on Patients Who Use Kratom

[1]  B. Avery,et al.  Acute Renal Insufficiency Associated With Consumption of Hydrocodone- and Morphine-Adulterated Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa). , 2022, The Journal of emergency medicine.

[2]  G. Martinotti,et al.  Exploring the self-reported motivations of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use: a cross-sectional investigation , 2022, The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse.

[3]  M. Mubarak,et al.  Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)-Induced Hepatitis , 2022, ACG case reports journal.

[4]  D. Epstein,et al.  Searching for a Signal: Self-Reported Kratom Dose-Effect Relationships Among a Sample of US Adults With Regular Kratom Use Histories , 2022, Frontiers in Pharmacology.

[5]  Kyle S. Conway,et al.  Suspected Fanconi syndrome from cadmium toxicity exacerbated by heavy kratom use. A rare occurrence , 2022, Clinical toxicology.

[6]  J. Henningfield,et al.  We Need Better Estimates of Kratom Use Prevalence , 2022, American Journal of Preventive Medicine.

[7]  D. Epstein,et al.  Social, psychological, and substance use characteristics of U.S. adults who use kratom: Initial findings from an online, crowdsourced study. , 2021, Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology.

[8]  Christina C. Lindenmeyer,et al.  Multiorgan Dysfunction Related to Kratom Ingestion , 2021, ACG Case Reports Journal.

[9]  S. Halim,et al.  Seizures among young adults consuming kratom beverages in Malaysia: A case series , 2021, Epilepsy & Behavior.

[10]  Aimee N. Jensen,et al.  Kratom-induced transaminitis with subsequent precipitated opioid withdrawal following naltrexone , 2021, The mental health clinician.

[11]  J. Palamar.  Past-Year Kratom Use in the U.S.: Estimates From a Nationally Representative Sample. , 2021, American journal of preventive medicine.

[12]  A. Hall,et al.  Kratom Ingestion and Emergency Care: Summary and a Case Report. , 2021, Journal of Emergency Nursing.

[13]  Himali Gandhi,et al.  Report of ventricular fibrillation in a 44-year-old man using kratom , 2021, BMJ Case Reports.

[14]  Mytri Pokal,et al.  Unusual Presentation of Kratom Overdose With Rhabdomyolysis, Transient Hearing Loss, and Heart Failure , 2021, Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports.

[15]  O. Corazza,et al.  Can Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Alleviate COVID-19 Pain? A Case Study , 2020, Frontiers in Psychiatry.

[16]  H. Raja,et al.  Chemical composition and biological effects of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): In vitro studies with implications for efficacy and drug interactions , 2020, Scientific Reports.

[17]  K. Batts,et al.  Kratom induced severe cholestatic liver injury histologically mimicking primary biliary cholangitis: A case report , 2020, World journal of hepatology.

[18]  L. Ganti,et al.  Intractable nausea and vomiting in naïve ingestion of kratom for analgesia , 2020, International Journal of Emergency Medicine.

[19]  O. Grundmann,et al.  Evaluation of the Mitragynine Content, Levels of Toxic Metals and the Presence of Microbes in Kratom Products Purchased in the Western Suburbs of Chicago , 2020, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[20]  Colleen M Haynes,et al.  Prevalence and description of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use in the United States: A cross-sectional study. , 2020, Addiction.

[21]  G. Ginsberg,et al.  Kratom Adulterated with Phenylethylamine and Associated Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Linking Toxicologists and Public Health Officials to Identify Dangerous Adulterants , 2019, Journal of Medical Toxicology.

[22]  G. Luck,et al.  Complicated postoperative course secondary to kratom withdrawal: a case report , 2019, Journal of surgical case reports.

[23]  Hwajeong Lee,et al.  Kratom-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury Mimicking Anti-Mitochondrial Antibody-Negative Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Case Report and Review of Literature , 2019, Gastroenterology research.

[24]  S. Narayanan,et al.  Effects of Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa Korth.) Use in Regular Users , 2019, Substance use & misuse.

[25]  H. Abdullah,et al.  Cardiac arrest in a young healthy male patient secondary to kratom ingestion: is this ’legal high' substance more dangerous than initially thought ? , 2019, BMJ Case Reports.

[26]  R. Musah,et al.  A validated method for the quantification of mitragynine in sixteen commercially available Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) products. , 2019, Forensic science international.

[27]  J. Diaz-Gomez,et al.  Undifferentiated Shock and Extreme Elevation of Procalcitonin Related to Kratom Use , 2019, Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine.

[28]  Aijaz Ahmed,et al.  Kratom-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury and Its Conservative Management , 2019, Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports.

[29]  D. Overbeek,et al.  Kratom (Mitragynine) Ingestion Requiring Naloxone Reversal , 2019, Clinical practice and cases in emergency medicine.

[30]  D. Rockey,et al.  Drug-Induced Liver Injury Caused by Kratom Use as an Alternative Pain Treatment Amid an Ongoing Opioid Epidemic , 2019, Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports.

[31]  S. Palasamudram Shekar,et al.  Legally Lethal Kratom: A Herbal Supplement with Overdose Potential , 2019, Journal of psychoactive drugs.

[32]  Saeed Ahmed,et al.  Kratom Withdrawal: A Systematic Review with Case Series , 2019, Journal of psychoactive drugs.

[33]  Carrie L. Griffiths,et al.  Possible kratom-induced hepatomegaly: A case report. , 2018, Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA.

[34]  Paul N. Foster,et al.  Kratom: a dangerous player in the opioid crisis , 2018, Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives.

[35]  W. Tatum,et al.  Recurrent seizures from chronic kratom use, an atypical herbal opioid☆ , 2018, Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports.

[36]  K. Chaudhari,et al.  Kratom, an Emerging Drug of Abuse, Raises Prolactin and Causes Secondary Hypogonadism: Case Report , 2018, Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports.

[37]  M. Murad,et al.  Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports , 2018, BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine.

[38]  J. Lai,et al.  Histologic Characterization of Kratom Use-Associated Liver Injury , 2018, Gastroenterology research.

[39]  R. Venkataramanan,et al.  Newly Emerging Drugs of Abuse and Their Detection Methods: An ACLPS Critical Review. , 2018, American journal of clinical pathology.

[40]  K. Cumpston,et al.  Clinical outcomes after Kratom exposures: A poison center case series. , 2018, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[41]  T. Lawson,et al.  Prevalence and motivations for kratom use in a sample of substance users enrolled in a residential treatment program. , 2017, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[42]  B. Chabner,et al.  The Harm in Kratom , 2017, The Oncologist.

[43]  O. Grundmann.  Patterns of Kratom use and health impact in the US-Results from an online survey. , 2017, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[44]  S. Narayanan,et al.  Changing trends in the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) in Southeast Asia , 2017, Human psychopharmacology.

[45]  B. Avery,et al.  Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine , 2016, Journal of Medical Toxicology.

[46]  E. A. Gardner,et al.  Do You Get What You Paid For? An Examination of Products Advertised as Kratom , 2016, Journal of psychoactive drugs.

[47]  S. Narayanan,et al.  Traditional and non-traditional uses of Mitragynine (Kratom): A survey of the literature , 2016, Brain Research Bulletin.

[48]  G. Martinotti,et al.  Following “the Roots” of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries , 2015, BioMed research international.

[49]  M. Wong,et al.  Cholestatic hepatitis from prolonged kratom use: A case report , 2015, Hepatology.

[50]  Rolf Wynn,et al.  The clinical case report: a review of its merits and limitations , 2014, BMC Research Notes.

[51]  R. Rison,et al.  The CARE (CAse REport) guidelines and the standardization of case reports , 2013, Journal of Medical Case Reports.

[52]  David Moher,et al.  The CARE Guidelines: Consensus-based Clinical Case Reporting Guideline Development , 2013, Journal of Medical Case Reports.

[53]  T. Arndt,et al.  Kratom alkaloids and O-desmethyltramadol in urine of a "Krypton" herbal mixture consumer. , 2011, Forensic science international.

[54]  V. Wiwanitkit.  The usefulness of case reports in managing emerging infectious disease , 2011, Journal of Medical Case Reports.

[55]  V. Auwärter,et al.  Intrahepatic Cholestasis Following Abuse of Powdered Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) , 2011, Journal of Medical Toxicology.

[56]  R. Fontana,et al.  Causality assessment in drug‐induced liver injury using a structured expert opinion process: Comparison to the Roussel‐Uclaf causality assessment method , 2010, Hepatology.

[57]  Kenneth M. Aldous,et al.  Seizure and Coma Following Kratom (Mitragynina speciosa Korth) Exposure , 2010, Journal of Medical Toxicology.

[58]  Jelena Savović,et al.  Methods for Causality Assessment of Adverse Drug Reactions , 2008, Drug safety.

[59]  N. Moore,et al.  Guidelines for Submitting Adverse Event Reports for Publication , 2007, Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety.