Dynamic clothing insulation. Measurements with a thermal manikin operating under the thermal comfort regulation mode.

The main objective of the present work is the assessment of the thermal insulation of clothing ensembles, both in static conditions and considering the effect of body movements. The different equations used to calculate the equivalent thermal resistance of the whole body, namely the serial, the global and the parallel methods, are considered and the results are presented and discussed for the basic, the effective and the total clothing insulations. The results show that the dynamic thermal insulation values are always lower than the corresponding static ones. The highest mean relative difference [(static-dynamic)/static] was obtained with the parallel method and the lowest with the serial. For I(cl) the mean relative differences varied from 0.5 to 13.4% with the serial method, from 5.6 to 14.6% with the global and from 7.2 to 17.7% with the parallel method. In addition, the dynamic tests presents the higher mean relative differences between the calculation methods. The results also show that the serial method always presents the higher values and the parallel method the lowest ones. The relative differences between the calculation methods {[(serial-global)/global] and [(parallel-global)/global]} were sometimes significant and associated to the non-uniform distribution of the clothing insulation. In fact, the ensembles with the highest thermal insulation values present the highest differences between the calculation methods.

[1]  G. Havenith,et al.  Correction of clothing insulation for movement and wind effects, a meta-analysis , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[2]  Ingvar Holmér,et al.  Prediction of wind effects on cold protective clothing , 2000 .

[3]  P. O. Fanger,et al.  Thermal comfort: analysis and applications in environmental engineering, , 1972 .

[4]  Ingvar Holmér,et al.  CLOTHING CONVECTIVE HEAT EXCHANGE: PROPOSAL FOR IMPROVED PREDICTION IN STANDARDS AND MODELS , 1999 .

[5]  Divo Quintela,et al.  Analysis of sensible heat exchanges from a thermal manikin , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[6]  H. S. Belding,et al.  Analysis of factors concerned in maintaining energy balance for dressed men in extreme cold; effects of activity on the protective value and comfort of an Arctic uniform. , 1947, The American journal of physiology.

[7]  E. A. Mccullough,et al.  Determining temperature ratings for children's cold weather clothing. , 2009, Applied ergonomics.

[8]  B. W. Jones,et al.  A comprehensive data base for estimatng clothing insulation , 1985 .

[9]  P. O. Fanger.  Thermal comfort : Analysis and applications , 1972 .

[10]  Ingvar Holmér,et al.  HEATED MANIKINS AS A TOOL FOR EVALUATING CLOTHING , 1995 .

[11]  Ingvar Holmér,et al.  Comparative evaluation of the methods for determining thermal insulation of clothing ensemble on a manikin and person , 2000 .

[12]  H C Bazett,et al.  A PRACTICAL SYSTEM OF UNITS FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF THE HEAT EXCHANGE OF MAN WITH HIS ENVIRONMENT. , 1941, Science.

[13]  G Havenith,et al.  Thermal insulation and clothing area factors of typical Arabian Gulf clothing ensembles for males and females: measurements using thermal manikins. , 2008, Applied ergonomics.

[14]  Divo A. Quintela,et al.  Occupational exposure to cold thermal environments: a field study in Portugal , 2008, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[15]  P. Fanger,et al.  Effect of physical activity and air velocity on the thermal insulation of clothing. , 1985, Ergonomics.

[16]  H. Rintamäki,et al.  Evaluation of the thermal insulation of clothing of infants sleeping outdoors in Northern winter , 2011, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[17]  L. G. C. PUGH,et al.  Clothing Insulation and Accidental Hypothermia in Youth , 1966, Nature.

[18]  George Havenith,et al.  Resultant clothing insulation: a function of body movement, posture, wind, clothing fit and ensemble thickness , 1990 .

[19]  Jintu Fan,et al.  A quasi-physical model for predicting the thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance of clothing. , 2009, Applied ergonomics.

[20]  Ken Parsons,et al.  Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and Performance , 1999 .

[21]  Divo A. Quintela,et al.  Measurements of clothing insulation with a thermal manikin operating under the thermal comfort regulation mode: comparative analysis of the calculation methods , 2008, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[22]  George Havenith,et al.  Clothing ventilation, vapour resistance and permeability index: changes dus to posture, movement and wind , 1990 .