School children's personal exposure to ultrafine particles in the urban environment.

There has been considerable scientific interest in personal exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP). In this study, the inhaled particle surface area doses and dose relative intensities in the tracheobronchial and alveolar regions of lungs were calculated using measured 24-h UFP time series of school children personal exposures. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was used to determine mean doses and dose intensities for the various microenvironments. Analysis of measured personal exposures for 137 participating children from 25 schools in the Brisbane Metropolitan Area showed similar trends for all participating children. Bayesian regression modeling was performed to calculate the daily proportion of children's total doses in different microenvironments. The proportion of total daily alveolar doses for home, school, commuting, and other were 55.3%, 35.3%, 4.5%, and 5.0%, respectively, with the home microenvironment contributing a majority of children's total daily dose. Children's mean indoor dose was never higher than the outdoor's at any of the schools, indicating there were no persistent indoor particle sources in the classrooms during the measurements. Outdoor activities, eating/cooking at home, and commuting were the three activities with the highest dose intensities. Children's exposure during school hours was more strongly influenced by urban background particles than traffic near the school.

[1]  David B. Dunson,et al.  Bayesian Data Analysis , 2010 .

[2]  Y Zhu,et al.  Characterizing ultrafine particles and other air pollutants at five schools in South Texas. , 2012, Indoor air.

[3]  Lidia Morawska,et al.  Airborne particle concentrations at schools measured at different spatial scales , 2013 .

[4]  G. Oberdörster,et al.  Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles , 2000, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[5]  O. Mayan,et al.  Characterization of Indoor Environmental Quality in Primary Schools in Maia: A Portuguese Case Study , 2013 .

[6]  A Seaton,et al.  Ambient particle inhalation and the cardiovascular system: potential mechanisms. , 2001, Environmental health perspectives.

[7]  Kerrie Mengersen,et al.  Methodology for assessing exposure and impacts of air pollutants in school children: Data collection, analysis and health effects – A literature review , 2011 .

[8]  David L. Swift,et al.  Nasal Deposition of Ultrafine Particles in Human Volunteers and Its Relationship to Airway Geometry , 1996 .

[9]  Margarita Evtyugina,et al.  Children exposure to atmospheric particles in indoor of Lisbon primary schools , 2011 .

[10]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 , 2012, The Lancet.

[11]  Matthias Voetz,et al.  Monitor for detecting and assessing exposure to airborne nanoparticles , 2010 .

[12]  W. Kreyling,et al.  Translocation of Inhaled Ultrafine Particles to the Brain , 2004, Inhalation toxicology.

[13]  L. Morawska,et al.  Tracheobronchial and alveolar dose of submicrometer particles for different population age groups in Italy , 2011 .

[14]  L Morawska,et al.  Individual dose and exposure of Italian children to ultrafine particles. , 2012, The Science of the total environment.

[15]  Zoran Ristovski,et al.  Ambient nano and ultrafine particles from motor vehicle emissions: Characteristics, ambient processing and implications on human exposure , 2008 .

[16]  I. K. Larissi,et al.  Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter Variability in Athens, Greece , 2013 .

[17]  Lidia Morawska,et al.  Particle emission factors during cooking activities , 2009 .

[18]  Kerrie Mengersen,et al.  Trends in size classified particle number concentration in subtropical Brisbane, Australia, based on a 5 year study , 2007 .

[19]  Sergey A Grinshpun,et al.  School bus pollution and changes in the air quality at schools: a case study. , 2009, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[20]  Lidia Morawska,et al.  Metrological Performances of a Diffusion Charger Particle Counter for Personal Monitoring , 2014 .

[21]  Relationships Between Environmental Factors and Lung Function of Asthmatic Subjects in South East Queensland, Australia , 2000, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[22]  B. Połednik.  Particulate matter and student exposure in school classrooms in Lublin, Poland. , 2013, Environmental research.

[23]  L. Morawska,et al.  A comparison of submicrometer particle dose between Australian and Italian people. , 2012, Environmental pollution.

[24]  Jean-Baptiste Denis,et al.  Dirichlet and multinomial distributions: properties and uses in Jags , 2012 .

[25]  Lidia Morawska,et al.  Comprehensive characterization of aerosols in a subtropical urban atmosphere : Particle size distribution and correlation with gaseous pollutants , 1998 .

[26]  Yang Liu,et al.  Effects of Outdoor and Indoor Air Pollution on Respiratory Health of Chinese Children from 50 Kindergartens , 2013, Journal of epidemiology.