Integrated thermal-electrical-optical simulator of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

An integrated thermal-electrical-optical solver of vertical- cavity surface-emitting lasers has been developed on the basis of the effective frequency method combined with the rate equations for photon and carrier densities. The integrated solver is applied to analyze the performance characteristics of GaAs-based proton-implanted top-surface- emitting lasers, oxide-confined surface-emitting lasers and intracavity-contacted oxide-confined surface-emitting lasers. Numerical results confirm the experimentally observed significant advantage of oxide-confirmed structures over proton-implanted devices, and identify the intracavity- contacted design as the most advantageous for oxide-confined structures.