Blinded evaluation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) ligands binding using molecular docking and free energy calculations

Our participation to the D3R Grand Challenge 2 involved a protocol in two steps, with an initial analysis of the available structural data from the PDB allowing the selection of the most appropriate combination of docking software and scoring function. Subsequent docking calculations showed that the pose prediction can be carried out with a certain precision, but this is dependent on the specific nature of the ligands. The correct ranking of docking poses is still a problem and cannot be successful in the absence of good pose predictions. Our free energy calculations on two different subsets provided contrasted results, which might have the origin in non-optimal force field parameters associated with the sulfonamide chemical moiety.

[1]  R. Pellicciari,et al.  Beyond bile acids: targeting Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) with natural and synthetic ligands. , 2014, Current topics in medicinal chemistry.

[2]  Bert L. de Groot,et al.  pmx: Automated protein structure and topology generation for alchemical perturbations , 2014, J. Comput. Chem..

[3]  C. Levy,et al.  FXR Agonists: From Bench to Bedside, a Guide for Clinicians , 2016, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[4]  D. Bishop-Bailey FXR as a novel therapeutic target for vascular disease. , 2004, Drug news & perspectives.

[5]  R. Friesner,et al.  Evaluation and Reparametrization of the OPLS-AA Force Field for Proteins via Comparison with Accurate Quantum Chemical Calculations on Peptides† , 2001 .

[6]  David S. Goodsell,et al.  AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated docking with selective receptor flexibility , 2009, J. Comput. Chem..

[7]  B. Staels,et al.  FXR: a promising target for the metabolic syndrome? , 2007, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[8]  Franz Schuler,et al.  Discovery of novel and orally active FXR agonists for the potential treatment of dyslipidemia & diabetes. , 2011, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

[9]  Conrad C. Huang,et al.  UCSF Chimera—A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis , 2004, J. Comput. Chem..

[10]  Georgiana Surpateanu,et al.  Evaluation of docking performance in a blinded virtual screening of fragment-like trypsin inhibitors , 2012, Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design.

[11]  C. Kremoser,et al.  Knocking on FXR's door: the "hammerhead"-structure series of FXR agonists - amphiphilic isoxazoles with potent in vitro and in vivo activities. , 2014, Current topics in medicinal chemistry.

[12]  S. Fiorucci,et al.  Farnesoid X receptor: from structure to potential clinical applications. , 2005, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[13]  S. Fiorucci,et al.  Targetting farnesoid-X-receptor: from medicinal chemistry to disease treatment. , 2010, Current medicinal chemistry.

[14]  Richard D. Taylor,et al.  Improved protein–ligand docking using GOLD , 2003, Proteins.

[15]  Hans Richter,et al.  Identification of an N-oxide pyridine GW4064 analog as a potent FXR agonist. , 2009, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

[16]  M. Schubert-Zsilavecz,et al.  Medicinal chemistry and pharmacological effects of Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) antagonists. , 2014, Current topics in medicinal chemistry.

[17]  B. Kuhn,et al.  Optimization of a novel class of benzimidazole-based farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists to improve physicochemical and ADME properties. , 2011, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

[18]  V. Sepe,et al.  Steroidal scaffolds as FXR and GPBAR1 ligands: from chemistry to therapeutical application. , 2015, Future medicinal chemistry.

[19]  R. Carr,et al.  FXR Agonists as Therapeutic Agents for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease , 2015, Current Atherosclerosis Reports.

[20]  Bogdan I. Iorga,et al.  Virtual screening of the SAMPL4 blinded HIV integrase inhibitors dataset , 2014, Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design.

[21]  Bogdan I. Iorga,et al.  Blind Pose Prediction, Scoring, and Affinity Ranking of the CSAR 2014 Dataset , 2016, J. Chem. Inf. Model..

[22]  E. Patsouris,et al.  Farnesoid x receptor in human metabolism and disease: the interplay between gene polymorphisms, clinical phenotypes and disease susceptibility , 2015, Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology.

[23]  C. Palmeira,et al.  Hepatic FXR: key regulator of whole-body energy metabolism , 2011, Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.

[24]  A. Zampella,et al.  Farnesoid X receptor: from medicinal chemistry to clinical applications. , 2012, Future medicinal chemistry.

[25]  T. Blundell,et al.  Comparative protein modelling by satisfaction of spatial restraints. , 1993, Journal of molecular biology.

[26]  J. Boyer,et al.  FXR: a target for cholestatic syndromes? , 2006, Expert opinion on therapeutic targets.

[27]  V. Gapsys,et al.  Accurate and Rigorous Prediction of the Changes in Protein Free Energies in a Large‐Scale Mutation Scan , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[28]  L. Adorini,et al.  Farnesoid X receptor targeting to treat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. , 2012, Drug discovery today.

[29]  T. N. Bhat,et al.  The Protein Data Bank , 2000, Nucleic Acids Res..

[30]  Vytautas Gapsys,et al.  Calculation of binding free energies. , 2015, Methods in molecular biology.

[31]  E. Distrutti,et al.  Development of FXR, PXR and CAR agonists and antagonists for treatment of liver disorders. , 2012, Current topics in medicinal chemistry.

[32]  A. Sanyal Use of Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists to Treat Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease , 2015, Digestive Diseases.

[33]  V. Sepe,et al.  Farnesoid X receptor modulators (2011 – 2014): a patent review , 2015, Expert opinion on therapeutic patents.

[34]  Wendong Huang,et al.  FXR, a target for different diseases. , 2008, Histology and histopathology.

[35]  K. Lindor,et al.  Recent advances in the development of farnesoid X receptor agonists. , 2015, Annals of translational medicine.

[36]  M. L. Crawley,et al.  Farnesoid X receptor modulators: a patent review , 2010, Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents.

[37]  B. Staels,et al.  The farnesoid X receptor: a novel drug target? , 2004, Expert opinion on investigational drugs.

[38]  S. Fiorucci,et al.  FXR an emerging therapeutic target for the treatment of atherosclerosis , 2009, Journal of cellular and molecular medicine.

[39]  R. Heyman,et al.  FXR, a therapeutic target for bile acid and lipid disorders. , 2005, Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry.

[40]  F. Baldelli,et al.  Targeting FXR in cholestasis: hype or hope , 2014, Expert opinion on therapeutic targets.

[41]  W. L. Jorgensen,et al.  Improved Peptide and Protein Torsional Energetics with the OPLS-AA Force Field , 2015, Journal of chemical theory and computation.

[42]  Bogdan I. Iorga,et al.  Molecular docking performance evaluated on the D3R Grand Challenge 2015 drug-like ligand datasets , 2016, Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design.

[43]  Peter M. Kasson,et al.  GROMACS 4.5: a high-throughput and highly parallel open source molecular simulation toolkit , 2013, Bioinform..

[44]  R. Evans,et al.  Farnesoid X Receptor an Emerging Target to Combat Obesity , 2017, Digestive Diseases.

[45]  Arthur J. Olson,et al.  AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading , 2009, J. Comput. Chem..

[46]  C. Gespach,et al.  Bile acids and derivatives, their nuclear receptors FXR, PXR and ligands: role in health and disease and their therapeutic potential. , 2008, Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry.

[47]  Yanqiao Zhang,et al.  FXR, a multipurpose nuclear receptor. , 2006, Trends in biochemical sciences.