Study on energy management strategy and dynamic modeling for auxiliary power units in range-extended electric vehicles ☆

Range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs) are becoming a development trend of new vehicles. Energy management is one of the core problems in REEVs. The structure and control method of the auxiliary power unit (APU) is determined based on the configuration analysis in this paper. An energy management optimization problem is proposed to solve the power distributions of APUs and batteries in the charge-sustaining (CS) stage of REEVs, which are determined by dynamic programming and pseudo-spectral optimal control, respectively. The results show that different limits of the APU power changing rate significantly influence fuel consumption. To obtain the power changing rate of APUs and to evaluate the energy management optimization method of REEVs, a model of the APU control system is built and verified by a platform test; the dynamic response characteristics and control parameters of the APU are obtained by step-changing conditions. Two types of strategies for tracking APU power are proposed for different power changing rates, and the fuel consumption of REEVs is analyzed in four types of driving cycles. The effect on fuel consumption caused by the power changing rate of the APU is verified.

[1]  Y. Baghzouz,et al.  Genetic-Algorithm-Based Optimization Approach for Energy Management , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[2]  Hongwen He,et al.  A systematic state-of-charge estimation framework for multi-cell battery pack in electric vehicles using bias correction technique , 2016 .

[3]  Li Jun-qi.  Energy Management Strategy and Real-time Simulation of Hybrid Electric Tracked Vehicle , 2013 .

[4]  M. Fadel,et al.  On-line energy management for HEV based on Particle Swarm Optimization , 2010, 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[5]  I. Michael Ross,et al.  Costate Estimation by a Legendre Pseudospectral Method , 1998 .

[6]  Huei Peng,et al.  Power management strategy for a parallel hybrid electric truck , 2003, IEEE Trans. Control. Syst. Technol..

[7]  Chunting Chris Mi,et al.  A novel energy management method for series plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2015 .

[8]  L. Serrao,et al.  Optimal control of power split for a hybrid electric refuse vehicle , 2008, 2008 American Control Conference.

[9]  Simona Onori,et al.  A Comparative Analysis of Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2011 .

[10]  Stefano Di Cairano,et al.  MPC-Based Energy Management of a Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[11]  Hongwen He,et al.  A data-driven multi-scale extended Kalman filtering based parameter and state estimation approach of lithium-ion olymer battery in electric vehicles , 2014 .

[12]  Anil V. Rao,et al.  Direct Trajectory Optimization and Costate Estimation via an Orthogonal Collocation Method , 2006 .

[13]  Anil V. Rao,et al.  GPOPS-II , 2014, ACM Trans. Math. Softw..

[14]  Marco Sorrentino,et al.  Analysis of a rule-based control strategy for on-board energy management of series hybrid vehicles , 2011 .

[15]  Joeri Van Mierlo,et al.  Optimal power management and powertrain components sizing of fuel cell/battery hybrid electric vehicles based on particle swarm optimisation , 2012 .

[16]  Hongwen He,et al.  Application Study on the Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Energy Management of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2015 .

[17]  M. Ouyang,et al.  Approximate Pontryagin’s minimum principle applied to the energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2014 .

[18]  Huei Peng,et al.  Optimal Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Pontryagin's Minimum Principle , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[19]  Fengchun Sun,et al.  A novel dual-scale cell state-of-charge estimation approach for series-connected battery pack used in electric vehicles , 2015 .

[20]  Giorgio Rizzoni,et al.  Optimal energy management in series hybrid electric vehicles , 2000, Proceedings of the 2000 American Control Conference. ACC (IEEE Cat. No.00CH36334).

[21]  Zheng Chen,et al.  Energy management of a power-split plug-in hybrid electric vehicle based on genetic algorithm and quadratic programming , 2014 .

[22]  Amir Khajepour,et al.  An optimal power management system for a regenerative auxiliary power system for delivery refrigerator trucks , 2016 .

[23]  Wei Zhou,et al.  A Pseudospectral Strategy for Optimal Power Management in Series Hybrid Electric Powertrains , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[24]  Zhang Cheng-nin.  An Online Energy Management Strategy for Extended Range Electric Vehicles Based on Pontryagin's Minimum Principle , 2015 .

[25]  Bo-Chiuan Chen,et al.  Design and analysis of power management strategy for range extended electric vehicle using dynamic programming , 2014 .

[26]  Shuo Zhang,et al.  Adaptive energy management of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle based on driving pattern recognition and dynamic programming , 2015 .

[27]  Minggao Ouyang,et al.  Average modeling of diesel auxiliary power unit for series hybrid electric vehicle , 2005, VTC-2005-Fall. 2005 IEEE 62nd Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005..