On the Hausdorff measure of sets of non-Lyapunov behaviour, and a Jarnik-type theorem for random Schroedinger operators

We consider the growth of the norms of transfer matrices of ergodic discrete Schrödinger operators in one dimension. It is known that the set of energies at which the rate of exponential growth is slower than prescribed by the Lyapunov exponent is residual in the part of the spectrum at which the Lyapunov exponent is positive. On the other hand, this exceptional set is of vanishing Hausdorff measure with respect to any gauge function ρ(t) such that ρ(t)/t is integrable at zero. Here we show that this condition on ρ(t) can not in general be improved: for operators with independent, identically distributed potentials of sufficiently regular distribution, the set of energies at which the rate of exponential growth is arbitrarily slow has infinite Hausdorff measure with respect to any gauge function ρ(t) such that ρ(t)/t is non-increasing and not integrable at zero. The main technical ingredient, possibly of independent interest, is a Jarńık-type theorem describing the Hausdorff measure of the set of real numbers well approximated by the eigenvalues of the Schrödinger operator. The proof of this result relies on the theory of Anderson localisation and on the mass transference principle of Beresnevich–Velani.