Impact of vertical loading on the implant-bone interface.

OBJECTIVES The main aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of vertical loading occurring during removal of cemented restorations on the implant-bone interface. METHODS Thirty-six titanium implants (Camlog 4.3 × 9 mm) were placed 1 mm supraosseous in the frontal skull of four minipigs. After a 13 week healing period the implants were exposed and the implant stability was measured. Three implants per minipig were vertically loaded using 20 or 100 impulses, respectively with an 18 Ns impulse imitating a crown removal. Three implants were left unloaded as control. The animals were sacrificed after 13 or 18 weeks. The harvested specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS No post operative complications or deaths of the minipigs occurred. All implants osseointegrated. The average bone-implant contact area (BIC) was 78 ± 5.1%. No statistically significant difference could be found when comparing the BIC areas of the control and the experimental groups between the sacrificed animals at 13 weeks and 18 weeks (P > 0.05). Therefore, the results of each subgroup were pooled. No significant differences regarding the BIC area could be detected between the control and the experimental groups (P > 0.05). Except one failing implant no cracks due to vertical loading could be evaluated in the SEM. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a significantly higher bone remodeling activity in the vertically loaded groups. CONCLUSIONS Removal of cemented implant restorations seems not to have an impact on the mechanical implant stability, but seems to increase bone remodeling activity.

[1]  G. Kumar,et al.  Osseointegrated Titanium Implants: Requirements for Ensuring a Long-Lasting, Direct Bone-to-Implant Anchorage in Man , 2014 .

[2]  M. Steiner,et al.  In vitro influence of ultrasonic stress, removal force preload and thermocycling on the retrievability of implant-retained crowns. , 2012, Clinical oral implants research.

[3]  M. Quirynen,et al.  Clinical Oral Implants Research , 2012 .

[4]  A. Piattelli,et al.  Peri-implant bone reactions around immediately loaded conical implants with different prosthetic suprastructures: histological and histomorphometrical study on minipigs , 2010, Clinical Oral Investigations.

[5]  Stefan Niehues,et al.  Miniature pigs as an animal model for implant research: bone regeneration in critical-size defects. , 2009, Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.

[6]  Hermann Seitz,et al.  Endocultivation: 3D printed customized porous scaffolds for heterotopic bone induction. , 2009, Oral oncology.

[7]  Stefan Wolfart,et al.  Retrievability of implant-retained crowns following cementation. , 2008, Clinical oral implants research.

[8]  Nicola U Zitzmann,et al.  Definition and prevalence of peri-implant diseases. , 2008, Journal of clinical periodontology.

[9]  Bjarni E Pjetursson,et al.  A systematic review of the 5-year survival and complication rates of implant-supported single crowns. , 2008, Clinical oral implants research.

[10]  R. G. Richards,et al.  Animal models for implant biomaterial research in bone: a review. , 2007, European cells & materials.

[11]  J. Kragstrup,et al.  Compressive strength, ash weight, and volume of vertebral trabecular bone in experimental fluorosis in pigs , 1987, Calcified Tissue International.

[12]  A. Roos-Jansåker,et al.  Long time follow up of implant therapy and treatment of peri-implantitis. , 2007, Swedish dental journal. Supplement.

[13]  Mark J Gervais,et al.  A rationale for retrievability of fixed, implant-supported prostheses: a complication-based analysis. , 2007, The International journal of prosthodontics.

[14]  J. Wiltfang,et al.  Expression of bone matrix proteins during the osseus healing of topical conditioned implants: an experimental study. , 2006, Clinical oral implants research.

[15]  M. Kern,et al.  Retention forces and seating discrepancies of implant-retained castings after cementation. , 2006, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[16]  J. Wiltfang,et al.  Bone regeneration in osseous defects using a resorbable nanoparticular hydroxyapatite. , 2005, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[17]  P. Kessler,et al.  Bioactivation of an anorganic bone matrix by P-15 peptide for the promotion of early bone formation. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[18]  J. Wiltfang,et al.  Enhanced bone regeneration with a synthetic cell-binding peptide--in vivo results. , 2005, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[19]  M. Wood,et al.  A review of selected dental literature on evidence-based treatment planning for dental implants: report of the Committee on Research in Fixed Prosthodontics of the Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics. , 2004, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[20]  Carlo Ercoli,et al.  A comparison of the porcelain fracture resistance of screw-retained and cement-retained implant-supported metal-ceramic crowns. , 2004, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[21]  M. Zwahlen,et al.  A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) after an observation period of at least 5 years. , 2004, Clinical oral implants research.

[22]  R. L. Simon,et al.  Single implant-supported molar and premolar crowns: a ten-year retrospective clinical report. , 2003, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[23]  Song Li,et al.  Enhanced cell attachment and osteoblastic activity by P-15 peptide-coated matrix in hydrogels. , 2003, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[24]  Charles J Goodacre,et al.  Clinical complications in fixed prosthodontics. , 2003, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[25]  D. Zaffe,et al.  Behavior of the bone-titanium interface after push-in testing: a morphological study. , 2003, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[26]  Björn Klinge,et al.  A systematic review of the incidence of biological and technical complications in implant dentistry reported in prospective longitudinal studies of at least 5 years. , 2002, Journal of clinical periodontology.

[27]  John Doerr,et al.  Simplified technique for retrieving cemented implant restorations. , 2002, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[28]  Thomas D Taylor,et al.  Twenty years of progress in implant prosthodontics. , 2002, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[29]  I. Naert,et al.  Influence of prosthesis fit and the effect of a luting system on the prosthetic connection preload: an in vitro study. , 2002, The International journal of prosthodontics.

[30]  R Pietrabissa,et al.  An in vitro study on compensation of mismatch of screw versus cement-retained implant supported fixed prostheses. , 2000, Clinical oral implants research.

[31]  A Scarano,et al.  Removal torque and histomorphometric investigation of 4 different titanium surfaces: an experimental study in the rabbit tibia. , 2000, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[32]  J. Jansen,et al.  A histological evaluation of TiO2-gritblasted and Ca-P magnetron sputter coated implants placed into the trabecular bone of the goat: Part 2. , 2000, Clinical oral implants research.

[33]  T. Kaus,et al.  Maxillary ridge expansion with simultaneous implant placement: 5-year results of an ongoing clinical study. , 2000, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[34]  C. Kreulen,et al.  A systematic review of single-tooth restorations supported by implants. , 2000, Journal of dentistry.

[35]  J. Jansen,et al.  A mechanical evaluation of TiO2-gritblasted and Ca-P magnetron sputter coated implants placed into the trabecular bone of the goat: Part 1. , 2000, Clinical oral implants research.

[36]  C. Bünger,et al.  Improved bone anchorage of hydroxypatite coated implants compared with tricalcium-phosphate coated implants in trabecular bone in dogs. , 1999, Biomaterials.

[37]  C J Goodacre,et al.  Clinical complications of osseointegrated implants. , 1999, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[38]  W. Chee,et al.  Cemented versus screw-retained implant prostheses: which is better? , 1999, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[39]  W. Chee,et al.  Retrievable cemented implant restorations. , 1998, Journal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists.

[40]  T. Matsumoto,et al.  Comparative push-out test of dense HA implants and HA-coated implants: findings in a canine study. , 1998, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[41]  S. Boonen,et al.  Interspecies differences in bone composition, density, and quality: potential implications for in vivo bone research. , 1998, Endocrinology.

[42]  J. Walton,et al.  A prospective study on the maintenance of implant prostheses in private practice. , 1997, The International journal of prosthodontics.

[43]  K S Hebel,et al.  Cement-retained versus screw-retained implant restorations: achieving optimal occlusion and esthetics in implant dentistry. , 1997, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[44]  J. Lemons,et al.  Interfacial shear strength and histology of plasma sprayed and sintered hydroxyapatite implants in vivo. , 1996, Biomaterials.

[45]  D. van Steenberghe,et al.  Treatment of fenestration and dehiscence bone defects around oral implants using the guided tissue regeneration technique: a prospective multicenter study. , 1995, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[46]  M I MacEntee,et al.  Problems with prostheses on implants: a retrospective study. , 1994, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[47]  L. Mosekilde,et al.  Calcium-restricted ovariectomized Sinclair S-1 minipigs: an animal model of osteopenia and trabecular plate perforation. , 1992, Bone.

[48]  R. Norrdin,et al.  Regional acceleration of remodeling during healing of bone defects in beagles of various ages. , 1985, Bone.

[49]  H. Gundersen,et al.  Reconstruction of the formative site in iliac trabecular bone in 20 normal individuals employing a kinetic model for matrix and mineral apposition. , 1984, Metabolic bone disease & related research.

[50]  H. Frost.  The regional acceleratory phenomenon: a review. , 1983, Henry Ford Hospital medical journal.

[51]  K. Donath,et al.  A method for the study of undecalcified bones and teeth with attached soft tissues. The Säge-Schliff (sawing and grinding) technique. , 1982, Journal of oral pathology.

[52]  G. Jaeschke,et al.  [Clinical chemistry examinations of bone and muscle metabolism under stress in the Göttingen miniature pig--an experimental study]. , 1979, Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift.

[53]  S. Holm.  A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure , 1979 .

[54]  J. Lentrodt,et al.  [Animal experimental studies on bone regeneration following drilling of the bone]. , 1976, Deutsche zahnarztliche Zeitschrift.

[55]  D. Seligson,et al.  Clinical Chemistry , 1965, Bulletin de la Societe de chimie biologique.