Biological Perspectives on Prerational Intelligence

For a biologist intelligent behavior is behavior that is adaptive for the individual but also flexible and variable in a systematic and useful way in complex situations. Prerational intelligence is used here to designate mechanisms producing intelligent behavior without explicit use of symbolic thought and reason. Adaptive behavior or intelligent performance is evident at several levels of biological organization (e.g., at the level of single cells, individuals and societies), but the primary focus here is on individuals. The starting point is a list of attributes of intelligent behavior that is then used to compare intelligent behavior in animals, animats and systems from AI. The bulk of the chapter considers physiological and anatomical characteristics of animals relevant to intelligence, finishing with plasticity and learning. This review demonstrates the extent to which animals must be described as dynamical systems. Then different biological and artificial systems are used to consider levels of complexity and intelligence. The final section speculates about the relationship between prerational intelligence and the processes and mechanisms underlying cognition and logical reasoning.

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