Multiphase Magnetic Systems: Measurement and Simulation

Multiphase magnetic systems are common in nature and are increasingly being recognized in technical applications. One characterization method which has shown great promise for determining separate and collective effects of multiphase magnetic systems is first order reversal curves (FORCs). Several examples are given of FORC patterns which provide distinguishing evidence of multiple phases. In parallel, a visualization method for understanding multiphase magnetic interaction is given, which allocates Preisach magnetic elements as an input 'Preisach hysteron distribution pattern' (PHDP) to enable simulation of different 'wasp-waisted' magnetic behaviors. These simulated systems allow reproduction of different major hysteresis loop, FORC pattern, and switching field distributions of real systems and parameterized theoretical systems. The experimental FORC measurements and FORC diagrams of four commercially obtained magnetic materials, particularly those sold as nanopowders, shows that these materials are often not phase pure. They exhibit complex hysteresis behaviors that are not predictable based on relative phase fraction obtained by characterization methods such as diffraction. These multiphase materials, consisting of various fractions of BaFe12O19, epsilon-Fe2O3, and gamma-Fe2O3, are discussed.

[1]  J. McCloy,et al.  Magnetic analysis of commercial hematite, magnetite, and their mixtures , 2018 .

[2]  Kikuo Okuyama,et al.  Correlation between particle size/domain structure and magnetic properties of highly crystalline Fe3O4 nanoparticles , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[3]  P. Gorria,et al.  Visualizing decoupling in nanocrystalline alloys: A FORC-temperature analysis , 2016 .

[4]  Ke Xu,et al.  Hysteresis in single and polycrystalline iron thin films: Major and minor loops, first order reversal curves, and Preisach modeling , 2015 .

[5]  Kenta Imoto,et al.  Nanometer-size hard magnetic ferrite exhibiting high optical-transparency and nonlinear optical-magnetoelectric effect , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[6]  A. Muxworthy,et al.  Effect of maghemization on the magnetic properties of nonstoichiometric pseudo‐single‐domain magnetite particles , 2015 .

[7]  K. Pirota,et al.  Characterization of the magnetic interactions of multiphase magnetocaloric materials using first-order reversal curve analysis , 2015 .

[8]  Y. Tseng,et al.  Soft and hard natures of Nd2Fe14B permanent magnet explored by first-order-reversal-curves , 2014 .

[9]  Richard J. Harrison,et al.  FORCulator: A micromagnetic tool for simulating first‐order reversal curve diagrams , 2014 .

[10]  D. Heslop,et al.  Understanding fine magnetic particle systems through use of first‐order reversal curve diagrams , 2014 .

[11]  Kai Liu,et al.  Quantitative Decoding of Interactions in Tunable Nanomagnet Arrays Using First Order Reversal Curves , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[12]  R. Egli.  VARIFORC: An optimized protocol for calculating non-regular first-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams , 2013 .

[13]  K. Korolev,et al.  Millimeter-Wave Absorption as a Quality Control Tool for M-Type Hexaferrite Nanopowders , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[14]  J. Crum,et al.  Size effects on gamma radiation response of magnetic properties of barium hexaferrite powders , 2011 .

[15]  D. Gilbert,et al.  Fingerprinting Inhomogeneities in Recording Media Using the First-Order Reversal Curve Method , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[16]  I. Panagiotopoulos.  A simple approach to the First Order Reversal Curves (FORC) of two-phase magnetic systems , 2011 .

[17]  A. Stancu,et al.  Reversible and Irreversible Components Evaluation in Hysteretic Processes Using First and Second-Order Magnetization Curves , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[18]  J. Tuček,et al.  ε-Fe2O3: An Advanced Nanomaterial Exhibiting Giant Coercive Field, Millimeter-Wave Ferromagnetic Resonance, and Magnetoelectric Coupling , 2010 .

[19]  K. Hashimoto,et al.  First observation of phase transformation of all four Fe(2)O(3) phases (gamma --> epsilon --> beta --> alpha-phase). , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[20]  Hadis Morkoç,et al.  Microwave ferrites, part 1: fundamental properties , 2009 .

[21]  Ivan K. Schuller,et al.  First-order reversal curve measurements of the metal-insulator transition in VO 2 : Signatures of persistent metallic domains , 2009 .

[22]  Richard J. Harrison,et al.  FORCinel: An improved algorithm for calculating first‐order reversal curve distributions using locally weighted regression smoothing , 2008 .

[23]  K. Korolev,et al.  Complex Magnetic Permeability and Dielectric Permittivity of Ferrites in Millimeter Waves , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[24]  A. Muxworthy,et al.  First-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams , 2007 .

[25]  R. Green,et al.  Magnetic and structural properties of M-type barium hexaferrite prepared by co-precipitation , 2007 .

[26]  D. Dunlop,et al.  5.08 – Magnetizations in Rocks and Minerals , 2007 .

[27]  A. Muxworthy,et al.  First-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams of magnetic mixtures: Micromagnetic models and measurements , 2006 .

[28]  Andrew J. Newell,et al.  A high‐precision model of first‐order reversal curve (FORC) functions for single‐domain ferromagnets with uniaxial anisotropy , 2005 .

[29]  Masanori Okuyama,et al.  First-order reversal curves diagrams for the characterization of ferroelectric switching , 2003 .

[30]  M. Emura,et al.  The effects of synthesis variables on the magnetic properties of coprecipitated barium ferrite powders , 2002 .

[31]  A. Roberts,et al.  First order reversal curve diagrams and thermal relaxation effects in magnetic particles , 2001 .

[32]  Andrew P. Roberts,et al.  First‐order reversal curve diagrams: A new tool for characterizing the magnetic properties of natural samples , 2000 .

[33]  Andrew P. Roberts,et al.  Characterizing interactions in fine magnetic particle systems using first order reversal curves , 1999 .

[34]  G. Bertotti.  Hysteresis in Magnetism: For Physicists, Materials Scientists, and Engineers , 1998 .

[35]  David J. Dunlop,et al.  Rock Magnetism: Frontmatter , 1997 .

[36]  A. Morrish,et al.  Magnetic properties of BaFe/sub 12/O/sub 19/ small particles , 1989 .

[37]  W. Buessem,et al.  Theoretical and experimental aspects of coercivity versus particle size for barium ferrite , 1971 .

[38]  F. D. Stacey.  The physical theory of rock magnetism , 1963 .

[39]  F. Preisach.  Über die magnetische Nachwirkung , 1935 .