The Effects of Aerobic Exercise and T'ai Chi on Blood Pressure in Older People: Results of a Randomized Trial

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects on blood pressure of a 12‐week moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise program and a T'ai Chi program of light activity.

[1]  W L Haskell,et al.  Identifying Strategies for Increasing Employee Physical Activity Levels: Findings from the Stanford/Lockheed Exercise Survey , 1990, Health education quarterly.

[2]  Steven L. Wolf,et al.  The Effect of Tai Chi Quan and Computerized Balance Training on Postural Stability in Older Subjects , 1997 .

[3]  R S Paffenbarger,et al.  Physical activity and incidence of hypertension in college alumni. , 1983, American journal of epidemiology.

[4]  S. Blair,et al.  Physical fitness and incidence of hypertension in healthy normotensive men and women. , 1984, JAMA.

[5]  R. Paffenbarger,et al.  Physical activity and hypertension: an epidemiological view. , 1991, Annals of medicine.

[6]  C. Caspersen,et al.  The prevalence of selected physical activities and their relation with coronary heart disease risk factors in elderly men: the Zutphen Study, 1985. , 1991, American journal of epidemiology.

[7]  G. Borg.  Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. , 1982, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[8]  Z. Tran,et al.  Aerobic exercise and normotensive adults: a meta-analysis. , 1995, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[9]  J. Blumenthal,et al.  Failure of exercise to reduce blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension. Results of a randomized controlled trial. , 1991, JAMA.

[10]  M. Steinhardt,et al.  The importance of physical fitness versus physical activity for coronary artery disease risk factors: a cross-sectional analysis. , 1993, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.

[11]  Na Na.  Physical exercise in the management of hypertension: a consensus statement by the World Hypertension League. , 1991, Journal of hypertension.

[12]  Ronald G. Knowlton,et al.  Cardiovascular and ventilatory responses during formalized T'ai Chi Chuan exercise. , 1989, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.

[13]  W. Haskell,et al.  Effect of community health education on physical activity knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. The Stanford Five-City Project. , 1996, American journal of epidemiology.

[14]  Lester M. Wolfson,et al.  Balance and Strength Training in Older Adults: Intervention Gains and Tai Chi Maintenance , 1996, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[15]  S. Wolf,et al.  Reducing Frailty and Falls in Older Persons: An Investigation of Tai Chi and Computerized Balance Training , 1996, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[16]  A. Dyer,et al.  Primary prevention of hypertension by nutritional-hygienic means. Final report of a randomized, controlled trial. , 1989, JAMA.

[17]  P. Savage,et al.  Comparison of two methods of assessing physical activity in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. , 1991, American journal of epidemiology.

[18]  W. Sinning,et al.  Y's Way to Physical Fitness: The Complete Guide to Fitness Testing and Instruction , 1989 .

[19]  H. Kohl,et al.  A randomized trial of physical activity interventions: design and baseline data from project active. , 1998, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[20]  J. Sallis,et al.  Physical activity assessment methodology in the Five-City Project. , 1985, American journal of epidemiology.

[21]  A. Folsom,et al.  Leisure time physical activity and its relationship to coronary risk factors in a population-based sample. The Minnesota Heart Survey. , 1985, American journal of epidemiology.

[22]  C. Eaton,et al.  Physical activity, physical fitness, and coronary heart disease risk factors. , 1995, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[23]  K. Cooper,et al.  Physical fitness levels vs selected coronary risk factors. A cross-sectional study. , 1976, JAMA.

[24]  G. Bray,et al.  A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[25]  R. Fagard.  Physical exercise in the management of Hypertension. A consensus statement by the World Hypertension League , 1991 .

[26]  N. Cook,et al.  The Effects of Nonpharmacologic Interventions on Blood Pressure of Persons With High Normal Levels: Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I , 1992 .

[27]  M. E. Oglesby,et al.  The effects of aerobic exercise on plasma catecholamines and blood pressure in patients with mild essential hypertension. , 1985, JAMA.

[28]  M. Pollock,et al.  Moderate- and high-intensity exercise lowers blood pressure in normotensive subjects 60 to 79 years of age. , 1994, The American journal of cardiology.

[29]  P. Åstrand,et al.  A nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity (physical fitness) from pulse rate during sub-maximal work. , 1954, Journal of applied physiology.

[30]  C. Caspersen,et al.  A survey for assessing physical activity among older adults. , 1993, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[31]  M. Pollock,et al.  Effect of exercise training on blood pressure in 70- to 79-yr-old men and women. , 1991, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[32]  J S Lai,et al.  Two‐Year Trends in Cardiorespiratory Function Among Older Tai Chi Chuan Practitioners and Sedentary Subjects , 1995, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[33]  J S Lai,et al.  12-month Tai Chi training in the elderly: its effect on health fitness. , 1998, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[34]  K S Channer,et al.  Changes in haemodynamic parameters following Tai Chi Chuan and aerobic exercise in patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction. , 1996, Postgraduate medical journal.

[35]  P. Wolf,et al.  Physical activity and stroke risk: the Framingham Study. , 1994, American journal of epidemiology.

[36]  W. Cushman,et al.  Controlled trial of aerobic exercise in hypertension. , 1990, Circulation.

[37]  G. Kelley,et al.  Antihypertensive effects of aerobic exercise. A brief meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. , 1994, American journal of hypertension.

[38]  M. W. Rogers,et al.  Differential effects of exercise training intensity on blood pressure and cardiovascular responses to stress in borderline hypertensive humans , 1996, Journal of hypertension.

[39]  R. Beaglehole,et al.  Does physical activity lower blood pressure: a critical review of the clinical trials. , 1992, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[40]  R. Paffenbarger,et al.  Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

[41]  W. Kannel,et al.  Some health benefits of physical activity. The Framingham Study. , 1979, Archives of internal medicine.

[42]  R. V. Oakford,et al.  Tables of Random Permutations , 1963 .

[43]  S. Montain,et al.  Effect of exercise training in 60- to 69-year-old persons with essential hypertension. , 1989, The American journal of cardiology.

[44]  W. Drygas,et al.  Study on Threshold Dose of Physical Activity in Coronary Heart Disease Prevention. Part I. Relationship Between Leisure Time Physical Activity and Coronary Risk Factors* , 1988, International journal of sports medicine.

[45]  K. Vranizan,et al.  Assessment of habitual physical activity by a seven-day recall in a community survey and controlled experiments. , 1985, American journal of epidemiology.

[46]  C. Burchfiel,et al.  Physical activity in older middle-aged men and reduced risk of stroke: the Honolulu Heart Program. , 1994, American journal of epidemiology.