De-noising the abdominal phonogram for foetal heart rate extraction: Blind source separation versus empirical filtering

This work explored the suitability of using the foetal phonocardiogram (FPCG) blindly separated from the abdominal phonogram as a source for foetal heart rate (FHR) measuring in antenatal surveillance. To this end, and working on a dataset of 15 abdominal phonograms, the FPCG was estimated by using two de-noising approaches (1) single-channel independent component analysis (SCICA) to produce FPCGe and (2) empirical filtering to produce FPCGg. Next, the FPCGs were further processed to collect the beat-to-beat FHR and the resulting time-series (FCTGe and FCTGg) were compared to the reference signal given by the abdominal ECG (FCTGr). Results are promising, the FPCGe gives rise to a FCTGe that resembles FCTGr and, most importantly, whose mean FHR value is statistically equivalent to that given by FCTGr (p > 0.05). Thus, the mean FHR value obtained from the FPCGe, is likely to be equivalent to the value given by the abdominal ECG, which is especially significant since the FPCGe is retrieved from the noisy abdominal phonogram. Hence, as far as this study has gone, it can be said that, when using SCICA to de-noise the abdominal phonogram, the resulting FPCG is likely to become a useful source for FHR collection in antenatal surveillance.