Battery durability and reliability under electric utility grid operations: Representative usage aging and calendar aging

Abstract Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are often viewed as solution to mitigate the intermittency of renewable energies in electric grids. However, battery degradation associated with grid-tied BESS usage has never been investigated in detail. This work was aimed at understanding the impact of a BESS representative usage profile on the degradation of commercial Li-ion cells. It was found that the cell temperature history had the strongest impact on battery degradation followed by the C-rate and the state of charge (SOC). Also, batteries lost capacity faster at low SOCs during calendar aging and under small SOC swings while cycling.

[1]  Pontus Svens,et al.  Analysis of aging of commercial composite metal oxide – Li4Ti5O12 battery cells , 2014 .

[2]  Matthieu Dubarry,et al.  Origins and accommodation of cell variations in Li‐ion battery pack modeling , 2010 .

[3]  P. Gyan,et al.  D-optimal design of experiments applied to lithium battery for ageing model calibration , 2017 .

[4]  H. Shayeghi,et al.  Load frequency control strategies: A state-of-the-art survey for the researcher , 2009 .

[5]  Linda Barelli,et al.  Challenges in load balance due to renewable energy sources penetration: The possible role of energy storage technologies relative to the Italian case , 2015 .

[6]  Michael Koller,et al.  Review of grid applications with the Zurich 1 MW battery energy storage system , 2015 .

[7]  Lukas G. Swan,et al.  Battery storage system for residential electricity peak demand shaving , 2012 .

[8]  Laisuo Su,et al.  Identifying main factors of capacity fading in lithium ion cells using orthogonal design of experiments , 2016 .

[9]  Jiju Antony,et al.  Design of experiments for engineers and scientists , 2003 .

[10]  M. Broussely,et al.  Main aging mechanisms in Li ion batteries , 2005 .

[11]  Remus Teodorescu,et al.  Accelerated Lifetime Testing Methodology for Lifetime Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Augmented Wind Power Plants , 2014 .

[12]  Pierluigi Siano,et al.  Demand response and smart grids—A survey , 2014 .

[13]  M. Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens,et al.  Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries , 2005 .

[14]  Jay F. Whitacre,et al.  What properties of grid energy storage are most valuable , 2012 .

[15]  Kai Wu,et al.  Investigation on gas generation of Li4Ti5O12/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cells at elevated temperature , 2013 .

[16]  Matthieu Dubarry,et al.  Durability and reliability of electric vehicle batteries under electric utility grid operations: Bidirectional charging impact analysis , 2017 .

[17]  Ken Darcovich,et al.  Modelling the impact of variations in electrode manufacturing on lithium-ion battery modules , 2012 .

[18]  Matthieu Dubarry,et al.  Investigation of path dependence in commercial lithium-ion cells chosen for plug-in hybrid vehicle duty cycle protocols , 2011 .

[19]  Matthieu Dubarry,et al.  Battery Energy Storage System battery durability and reliability under electric utility grid operations: Analysis of 3 years of real usage , 2017 .

[20]  G. Yin,et al.  Multi-stress factor model for cycle lifetime prediction of lithium ion batteries with shallow-depth discharge , 2015 .

[21]  Matthieu Dubarry,et al.  Synthesize battery degradation modes via a diagnostic and prognostic model , 2012 .