Role of hemorrhage in the induction of systemic inflammation and remote organ damage: Analysis of combined pseudo‐fracture and hemorrhagic shock

This study was performed to analyze the role of hemorrhage‐induced hypotension in the induction of systemic inflammation and remote organ dysfunction. Male C57/BL6 mice (6‐ to 10‐week old and 20–30 g) were used. Animals were either subjected to pseudo‐fracture [PF; standardized soft‐tissue injury and injection of crushed bone, PF group: n = 9], or PF combined with hemorrhagic shock (HS + PF group: n = 6). Endpoint was 6 h. Systemic inflammation was assessed by IL‐6 and IL‐10 levels. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and NF‐κB activity in the lung and liver tissue were obtained to assess remote organ damage. The increases of systemic cytokines are similar for animals subjected to PF and PF + HS (IL‐6: 189 pg/ml ± 32.5 vs. 160 pg/ml ± 5.3; IL‐10: 60.3 pg/ml ± 15.8 vs. 88 pg/ml ± 32.4). Furthermore, the features (ALT; NF‐κB) of liver injury are equally elevated in mice subjected to PF (76.9 U/L ± 4.5) and HS + PF (80 U/L ± 5.5). Lung injury, addressed by MPO activity was more severe in group HS + PF (2.95 ng/ml ± 0.32) than in group PF (1.21 ng/ml ± 0.2). Both PF and additional HS cause a systemic inflammatory response. In addition, hemorrhage seems to be associated with remote affects on the lung. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:270–274, 2011

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