The monitoring of shallow depth and subsurface excavation tunnel construction and surface settlement control

For the subway tunnels,especially the underpass highways,constructed by shallow depth and subsurface excavation method,surface monitoring is an essential process.Only through surface monitoring could we ensure the stability of the tunnel and surrounding rock,and the safety of construction.Through the analysis,calculation and judgment of the data generated by monitoring and measurement,we can predict and determine the final stable time of the tunnel,which could guide the construction processes and the construction time of the second lining.