Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults.

This review summarizes recent changes in the treatment of adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis. It explains the initial assessment and management, the use of adjunctive corticosteroids, and intensive care monitoring. The authors detail the approach to complications such as transtentorial herniation, hydrocephalus, and focal seizures.

[1]  N Marangos,et al.  COCHLEAR IMPLANTS , 1976, The Lancet.

[2]  K. Einhäupl,et al.  Spectrum of complications during bacterial meningitis in adults. Results of a prospective clinical study. , 1993, Archives of neurology.

[3]  P. Marik,et al.  Management of sepsis during the early "golden hours". , 2006, The Journal of emergency medicine.

[4]  Oleg O. Bilukha,et al.  Prevention and control of meningococcal disease. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). , 2000, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.

[5]  S. Gudmundsson,et al.  [Acute bacterial meningitis in adults, a 20 year overview.]. , 1995, Laeknabladid.

[6]  P. Kragsbjerg,et al.  Detection of bacterial DNA in cerebrospinal fluid by an assay for simultaneous detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and streptococci using a seminested PCR strategy , 1994, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[7]  Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock , 2003, Current infectious disease reports.

[8]  T. van der Poll,et al.  Bidirectional Relation Between Inflammation and Coagulation , 2004, Circulation.

[9]  D. van de Beek,et al.  Steroids in adults with acute bacterial meningitis: a systematic review. , 2004, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[10]  G. Bernard,et al.  Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review , 2007, The Lancet.

[11]  H. Pfister,et al.  Reduction of intracranial pressure by nimodipine in experimental pneumococcal meningitis , 2000, Critical care medicine.

[12]  F. Weih,et al.  Protective role of NF-κB1 (p50) in experimental pneumococcal meningitis , 2004 .

[13]  H. Chambers,et al.  Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[14]  K. Thomas,et al.  The diagnostic accuracy of Kernig's sign, Brudzinski's sign, and nuchal rigidity in adults with suspected meningitis. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[15]  N. Cohen,et al.  Cochlear Implants , 2019, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders.

[16]  N. Tritos Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[17]  A. Schuchat,et al.  Bacterial Meningitis in the United States in 1995 , 1997 .

[18]  D. Ferriero,et al.  Differential vulnerability of immature murine neurons to oxygen-glucose deprivation , 2004, Experimental Neurology.

[19]  P. Marik,et al.  Stress-hyperglycemia, insulin and immunomodulation in sepsis , 2004, Intensive Care Medicine.

[20]  A. Fraser,et al.  Antibiotics for preventing meningococcal infections. , 2013, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[21]  J. Reitsma,et al.  A risk score for unfavorable outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis , 2008, Annals of neurology.

[22]  K. Kim Neurological diseases: Pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis: from bacteraemia to neuronal injury , 2003, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[23]  A. Pollard,et al.  Meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. , 2005, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[24]  J. Kaper,et al.  Health care financing systems for increasing utilisation of tobacco dependence treatment , 2003 .

[25]  H. Pfister,et al.  Pneumococcal meningitis in adults: spectrum of complications and prognostic factors in a series of 87 cases. , 2003, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[26]  B. Toye,et al.  Delays in the administration of antibiotics are associated with mortality from adult acute bacterial meningitis. , 2005, QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians.

[27]  D. van de Beek,et al.  Arthritis in adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis: a prospective cohort study , 2006, BMC infectious diseases.

[28]  C. Ahlm,et al.  Reducing intracranial pressure may increase survival among patients with bacterial meningitis. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[29]  M. Brouwer,et al.  Hypernatremia in bacterial meningitis. , 2007, The Journal of infection.

[30]  M. Vermeulen,et al.  Antibiotic guidelines and antibiotic use in adult bacterial meningitis in The Netherlands. , 2002, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[31]  F. Southwick,et al.  Septic cortical thrombophlebitis. , 1990, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[32]  B. Schmand,et al.  Cognitive outcome in adults after bacterial meningitis , 2007, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry.

[33]  D. Noble,et al.  Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[34]  W. Mitchell Status Epilepticus and Acute Repetitive Seizures in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Etiology, Outcome, and Treatment , 1996, Epilepsia.

[35]  V. Lund,et al.  Optimum imaging and diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea , 2000, The Journal of Laryngology & Otology.

[36]  Detection ofBacterial DNA inCerebrospinal Fluid byan Assay forSimultaneous Detection ofNeisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, andStreptococci Using a Seminested PCRStrategy , 1994 .

[37]  T. Yousry,et al.  Discrepancies between brain CT imaging and severely raised intracranial pressure proven by ventriculostomy in adults with pneumococcal meningitis , 2002, Journal of Neurology.

[38]  J. Hemphill The Clinical Practice of Critical Care Neurology , 2003 .

[39]  E. Nexo,et al.  C-reactive protein and bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation.

[40]  M. Vermeulen,et al.  Group a streptococcal meningitis in adults: report of 41 cases and a review of the literature. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[41]  D. van de Beek,et al.  Corticosteroids in acute bacterial meningitis. , 2003, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[42]  S. Lorenzl,et al.  Mannitol, but not allopurinol, modulates changes in cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain water content during pneumococcal meningitis in the rat. , 1996, Critical care medicine.

[43]  M. Yenari,et al.  Mild Hypothermia Inhibits Inflammation After Experimental Stroke and Brain Inflammation , 2003, Stroke.

[44]  M. Harrigan Cerebral salt wasting syndrome: a review. , 1996, Neurosurgery.

[45]  C. Cobbs,et al.  Subdural empyema: analysis of 32 cases and review. , 1995, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[46]  T. Kilpi,et al.  C-reactive protein is useful in distinguishing Gram stain-negative bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis in children. , 1999, The Journal of pediatrics.

[47]  M. Swartz,et al.  BACTERIAL MENINGITIS--A REVIEW OF SELECTED ASPECTS. II. SPECIAL NEUROLOGIC PROBLEMS, POSTMENINGITIC COMPLACATIONS AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS. , 1965, The New England journal of medicine.

[48]  D. Beek,et al.  Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis , 2002 .

[49]  M. Harrigan Cerebral salt wasting syndrome. , 2001, Critical care clinics.

[50]  A. Kooistra-Smid,et al.  Prospective Study of Use of PCR Amplification and Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal DNA from Cerebrospinal Fluid for Diagnosis of Bacterial Meningitis in a Clinical Setting , 2004, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[51]  J. Reitsma,et al.  Clinical features, complications, and outcome in adults with pneumococcal meningitis: a prospective case series , 2006, The Lancet Neurology.

[52]  E. Wijdicks,et al.  The clinical challenge of recognizing infratentorial empyema , 2007, Neurology.

[53]  J. Bradley,et al.  Bactericidal activity against cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid of children with acute bacterial meningitis , 1995, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.

[54]  J. Ariza,et al.  Evaluation of vancomycin for therapy of adult pneumococcal meningitis , 1991, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[55]  M. Swartz,et al.  BACTERIAL MENINGITIS--A REVIEW OF SELECTED ASPECTS. II. SPECIAL NEUROLOGIC PROBLEMS, POSTMENINGITIC COMPLICATIONS AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS. , 1965, The New England journal of medicine.

[56]  A. Schuchat,et al.  Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[57]  S. Heckenberg,et al.  Hyponatraemia in adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis. , 2006, QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians.

[58]  V. Caviness,et al.  Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A review of 493 episodes. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[59]  H. Pfister,et al.  Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis. , 2002, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[60]  M. Dillon,et al.  Primary meningococcal arthritis. , 1997, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[61]  G. Cold,et al.  Treatment of intracranial hypertension and aspects on lumbar dural puncture in severe bacterial meningitis , 2002, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[62]  J. Stam Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[63]  B. Schmand,et al.  Cognitive impairment in adults with good recovery after bacterial meningitis. , 2002, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[64]  R. Anderson,et al.  Clinical assessment of extracellular fluid volume in hyponatremia. , 1987, The American journal of medicine.

[65]  H. Jafri,et al.  Factors influencing the anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone therapy in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. , 2003, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[66]  A. Hijdra,et al.  Brain infarcts in adults with bacterial meningitis , 1996, The Lancet.

[67]  M. Brouwer,et al.  Community-acquired recurrent bacterial meningitis in adults. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[68]  F. Harrell,et al.  Differential diagnosis of acute meningitis. An analysis of the predictive value of initial observations. , 1989, JAMA.

[69]  I. Wirguin,et al.  Cefuroxime‐induced encephalopathy , 1998, Neurology.

[70]  L. Leibovici,et al.  Antibiotics for preventing meningococcal infections. , 2006, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[71]  S. Shafran,et al.  Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Adults: A 12‐Year Review , 2000, Medicine.

[72]  G. Knudsen,et al.  Effect of short-term hyperventilation on cerebral blood flow autoregulation in patients with acute bacterial meningitis. , 2000, Stroke.

[73]  H. van Crevel,et al.  Lumbar puncture and the risk of herniation: when should we first perform CT? , 2002, Journal of Neurology.

[74]  R. Hatala,et al.  The rational clinical examination. Does this adult patient have acute meningitis? , 1999, JAMA.

[75]  P. Peduzzi,et al.  Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis: Risk Stratification for Adverse Clinical Outcome and Effect of Antibiotic Timing , 1998, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[76]  Simpson Da,et al.  Usefulness of β2-transferrin assay in the detection of cerebrospinal fluid leaks following head injury , 1992 .

[77]  J. Weber,et al.  Induced Hypothermia in Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis , 2000, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[78]  L. Kuhns,et al.  Fatal lumbar puncture: fact versus fiction--an approach to a clinical dilemma. , 2003, Pediatrics.

[79]  E. Wijdicks The Clinical Practice of Critical Care Neurology , 2003 .

[80]  D. Cook,et al.  Does this adult patient have acute meningitis , 1999 .

[81]  R. Fishman Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diseases of the Nervous System , 1992 .

[82]  Allan R Tunkel,et al.  Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[83]  C. Saltzman,et al.  Pneumococcal septic arthritis: review of 190 cases. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[84]  Véronique Sébille,et al.  Effect of Treatment With Low Doses of Hydrocortisone and Fludrocortisone on Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock , 2002 .

[85]  G. Mccracken,et al.  Arthritis in children with bacterial meningitis. , 1986, American journal of diseases of children.

[86]  Martijn Weisfelt,et al.  Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[87]  M. Sande,et al.  Fluid administration, brain edema, and cerebrospinal fluid lactate and glucose concentrations in experimental Escherichia coli meningitis. , 1993, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[88]  S. Leib,et al.  Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects against multiple forms of brain injury in bacterial meningitis. , 2005, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[89]  V. Quagliarello,et al.  Computed tomography of the head before lumbar puncture in adults with suspected meningitis. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[90]  P. Finelli,et al.  Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[91]  M. Cetron,et al.  Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[92]  P. Bie,et al.  The Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone and Fluid Restriction in Meningitis ? How Strong is the Evidence? , 2001, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[93]  M. Swartz Bacterial meningitis--a view of the past 90 years. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.