AH-MAC: Adaptive Hierarchical MAC Protocol for Low-Rate Wireless Sensor Network Applications

This paper proposes an adaptive hierarchical MAC protocol (AH-MAC) with cross-layer optimization for low-rate and large-scale wireless sensor networks. The main goal of the proposed protocol is to combine the strengths of LEACH and IEEE 802.15.4 while offsetting their weaknesses. The predetermined cluster heads are supported with an energy harvesting circuit, while the normal nodes are battery-operated. To prolong the network’s operational lifetime, the proposed protocol transfers most of the network’s activities to the cluster heads while minimizing the node’s activity. Some of the main features of this protocol include energy efficiency, self-configurability, scalability, and self-healing. The simulation results showed great improvement of the AH-MAC over LEACH protocol in terms of energy consumption and throughput. AH-MAC consumes eight times less energy while improving throughput via acknowledgment support.

[1]  Yun Liu,et al.  Data Fusion in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2009, 2009 Second International Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security.

[2]  V. Loscri,et al.  A two-levels hierarchy for low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (TL-LEACH) , 2005, VTC-2005-Fall. 2005 IEEE 62nd Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005..

[3]  A. Manjeshwar,et al.  TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks , 2001, Proceedings 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. IPDPS 2001.

[4]  Rajashree V Biradar,et al.  Classification and Comparison of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2009 .

[5]  Mario Di Francesco,et al.  Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey , 2009, Ad Hoc Networks.

[6]  Mohammad Hossein Anisi,et al.  Energy-Efficient Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011 .

[7]  Prasant Mohapatra,et al.  Medium access control in wireless sensor networks , 2007, Comput. Networks.

[8]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2002, Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.

[9]  Ren Ping Liu,et al.  Energy Efficient Networking Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 4th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics.

[10]  Emanuel Melachrinoudis,et al.  Controlled sink mobility for prolonging wireless sensor networks lifetime , 2008, Wirel. Networks.

[11]  Mani B. Srivastava,et al.  Design considerations for solar energy harvesting wireless embedded systems , 2005, IPSN 2005. Fourth International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2005..

[12]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Medium access control with coordinated adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[13]  Anantha P. Chandrakasan,et al.  An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks , 2002, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[14]  Sukanya,et al.  Clustering Algorithms for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks - A Brief Survey , 2011 .

[15]  Action Nechibvute,et al.  Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices: An Alternative Energy Source for Wireless Sensors , 2012 .

[16]  Ademola P. Abidoye,et al.  A Novel Routing Algorithm for Energy Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012 .

[17]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2002, Comput. Networks.

[18]  Feng Xia.  Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications , 2009, Sensors.

[19]  Ivan Stojmenovic,et al.  Handbook of Sensor Networks: Algorithms and Architectures , 2005, Handbook of Sensor Networks.

[20]  Tao Wu,et al.  A self-reorganizing slot allocation protocol for multi-cluster sensor networks , 2005, IPSN 2005. Fourth International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2005..

[21]  K Ramanan,et al.  Data Gathering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey , 2010 .

[22]  Danpu Liu,et al.  An energy aware distributed clustering routing protocol for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks , 2016, 2016 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC).

[23]  M. R. Tripathy,et al.  Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey , 2012, 2012 Second International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies.

[24]  Cem Ersoy,et al.  MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2006, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[25]  Shukor Abd Razak,et al.  Fundamental Lifetime Mechanisms in Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Open Issues , 2012, Sensors.

[26]  Maria Calle,et al.  MAC Protocols Used by Wireless Sensor Networks and a General Method of Performance Evaluation , 2012, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[27]  Mohamed F. Younis,et al.  A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks , 2005, Ad Hoc Networks.

[28]  Hiroshi Ishii,et al.  A Survey on the Taxonomy of Cluster-Based Routing Protocols for Homogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, Sensors.

[29]  Xuxun Liu,et al.  A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, Sensors.

[30]  Mohammad Ali Jabraeil Jamali,et al.  Modify LEACH Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network , 2011 .

[31]  Xiang Yu,et al.  Improvement on LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network , 2013 .

[32]  K. Gopinath,et al.  A survey of routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks , 2013 .

[33]  S. Taruna,et al.  Multi-Hop Clustering Protocol using Gateway Nodes in Wireless Sensor Network , 2012 .

[34]  David E. Culler,et al.  Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks , 2004, SenSys '04.

[35]  Bo-Si Lee,et al.  A Cluster Allocation and Routing Algorithm Based on Node Density for Extending the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, 2012 26th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops.

[36]  Muneer O. Bani Yassein,et al.  Improvement on LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network (VLEACH) , 2009, J. Digit. Content Technol. its Appl..

[37]  Purushottam Kulkarni,et al.  Energy Harvesting Sensor Nodes: Survey and Implications , 2011, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[38]  Abdulkareem Abdulrahma,et al.  Efficient Routing Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014 .

[39]  Jian Chen,et al.  Optimal Hops-Based Adaptive Clustering Algorithm , 2012 .