Cryptosporidium Genotypes in Wildlife from a New York Watershed

ABSTRACT To identify the animal sources for Cryptosporidium contamination, we genotyped Cryptosporidium spp. in wildlife from the watershed of the New York City drinking water supply, using a small-subunit rRNA gene-based PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. A total of 541 specimens from 38 species of wildlife were analyzed. One hundred and eleven (20.5%) of the wildlife specimens were PCR positive. Altogether, 21 Cryptosporidium genotypes were found in wildlife samples, 11 of which were previously found in storm runoff in the watershed, and six of these 11 were from storm water genotypes of unknown animal origin. Four new genotypes were found, and the animal hosts for four storm water genotypes were expanded. With the exception of the cervine genotype, most genotypes were found in a limited number of animal species and have no major public health significance.

[1]  C. Sensen,et al.  Tracking Host Sources of Cryptosporidium spp. in Raw Water for Improved Health Risk Assessment , 2007, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[2]  J. Mcevoy,et al.  Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin , 2006, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[3]  Lihua Xiao,et al.  Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Water: Effect of the Number of Samples and Analytic Replicates on Test Results , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[4]  Huw Smith,et al.  Molecular Fingerprinting of Cryptosporidium Oocysts Isolated during Water Monitoring , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[5]  J. Weintraub.  Improving cryptosporidium testing methods: a public health perspective. , 2006, Journal of water and health.

[6]  B. Hoar,et al.  Environmental load of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from cattle manure in feedlots from the central and western United States. , 2006, Journal of environmental quality.

[7]  N. Neumann,et al.  Molecular Forensic Profiling of Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Raw Water , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[8]  C. Ferguson,et al.  Concentrations of Pathogens and Indicators in Animal Feces in the Sydney Watershed , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[9]  Lihua Xiao,et al.  Distribution of Cryptosporidium Genotypes in Storm Event Water Samples from Three Watersheds in New York , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[10]  Ajaib Singh,et al.  Development of Procedures for Direct Extraction of Cryptosporidium DNA from Water Concentrates and for Relief of PCR Inhibitors , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[11]  R. Fayer,et al.  Genotypes of Cryptosporidium Species Infecting Fur-Bearing Mammals Differ from Those of Species Infecting Humans , 2004, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[12]  B. McCowan,et al.  Seasonal Shedding of Multiple Cryptosporidium Genotypes in California Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) , 2004, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[13]  Lihua Xiao,et al.  Cryptosporidiosis: an update in molecular epidemiology , 2004, Current opinion in infectious diseases.

[14]  Lihua Xiao,et al.  Host-Adapted Cryptosporidium spp. in Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) , 2004, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[15]  T. Graczyk,et al.  Genetic Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in Captive Reptiles , 2004, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[16]  Una Ryan,et al.  Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health , 2004, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[17]  A. Lal,et al.  Detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water by PCR-RFLP. , 2004, Methods in molecular biology.

[18]  M. Bednarska,et al.  Biological characterisation of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates of wildlife rodents in Poland. , 2003, Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM.

[19]  S. Cacciò,et al.  Preliminary Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum Isolates of Wildlife Rodents From Poland , 2003, The Journal of parasitology.

[20]  R. Fayer,et al.  Host adaptation and host-parasite co-evolution in Cryptosporidium: implications for taxonomy and public health. , 2002, International journal for parasitology.

[21]  M. E. Olson,et al.  Prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from wildlife, human, and agricultural sources in the North Saskatchewan River Basin in Alberta, Canada. , 2002, Canadian journal of microbiology.

[22]  Alexander Mathis,et al.  Detection of eight Cryptosporidium genotypes in surface and waste waters in Europe , 2002, Parasitology.

[23]  H. Hemond,et al.  Sources and Species of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in the Wachusett Reservoir Watershed , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[24]  S. L. Le Blancq,et al.  Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Involving Novel Genotypes in Wildlife from Lower New York State , 2001, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[25]  小野 一男.  Contamination of river water by Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in western Japan , 2001 .

[26]  M. Royer,et al.  Identification of Species and Sources ofCryptosporidium Oocysts in Storm Waters with a Small-Subunit rRNA-Based Diagnostic and Genotyping Tool , 2000, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[27]  J. Limor,et al.  Presence of heterogeneous copies of the small subunit rRNA gene in Cryptosporidium parvum human and marsupial genotypes and Cryptosporidium felis. , 1999, The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology.

[28]  R. Fayer,et al.  Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis , 1997 .

[29]  R. Fayer,et al.  General biology of Cryptosporidium. , 1990 .