Women scholars’ experiences with online harassment and abuse: Self-protection, resistance, acceptance, and self-blame

Although scholars increasingly use online platforms for public, digital, and networked scholarship, the research examining their experiences of harassment and abuse online is scant. In this study, we interviewed 14 women scholars who experienced online harassment in order to understand how they coped with this phenomenon. We found that scholars engaged in reactive, anticipatory, preventive, and proactive coping strategies. In particular, scholars engaged in strategies aimed at self-protection and resistance, while often responding to harassment by acceptance and self-blame. These findings have important implications for practice and research, including practical recommendations for personal, institutional, and platform responses to harassment, as well as scholarly recommendations for future research into scholars’ experiences of harassment.

[1]  S. Chess,et al.  A Conspiracy of Fishes, or, How We Learned to Stop Worrying About #GamerGate and Embrace Hegemonic Masculinity , 2015 .

[2]  Robert H. Faley,et al.  Determinants of Target Responses to Sexual Harassment: A Conceptual Framework , 1997 .

[3]  Hemant Shrivastava Harassment at the Workplace, Powerlessness and Identity: Experiences of Women Civil Servants in India , 2015 .

[4]  Rosemary Clark-Parsons,et al.  Building a digital Girl Army: The cultivation of feminist safe spaces online , 2018, New Media Soc..

[5]  C. Cooper,et al.  The Handbook of Stress and Health: A Guide to Research and Practice , 2017 .

[6]  M. Gámez-Guadix,et al.  Cyber Dating Abuse: Prevalence, Context, and Relationship with Offline Dating Aggression , 2015, Psychological reports.

[7]  Aaron Smith,et al.  Crossing the line: what counts as online harassment? , 2018 .

[8]  Norm Friesen,et al.  The questionable promise of social media for education: connective learning and the commercial imperative , 2012, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[9]  E. A. Locke The Blackwell handbook of principles of organizational behavior , 2000 .

[10]  F. Al-Shamali,et al.  Author Biographies. , 2015, Journal of social work in disability & rehabilitation.

[11]  B. Fisher,et al.  The Dark Side of the Ivory Tower , 2011 .

[12]  Bailey Poland,et al.  Haters: Harassment, Abuse, and Violence Online , 2016 .

[13]  Beatríz Villarejo,et al.  Misogyny Online. A Short (and Brutish) History , 2017 .

[14]  E. Campbell "Apparently Being a Self-Obsessed C**t Is Now Academically Lauded": Experiencing Twitter Trolling of Autoethnographers , 2017 .

[15]  F. Vera-Gray ‘talk about a cunt with too much idle time’: trolling feminist research , 2017 .

[16]  P. Bloom,et al.  What do you think you are? , 2011, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[17]  M. Jackson,et al.  The Dark Side of the Ivory Tower: Cyberbullying of University Faculty and Teaching Personnel. , 2014 .

[18]  George S. Everly,et al.  Controlling Stress and Tension , 1979 .

[19]  M. Ranieri,et al.  "Yes for sharing, no for teaching!": Social Media in academic practices , 2016, Internet High. Educ..

[20]  A. Strauss,et al.  The Discovery of Grounded Theory , 1967 .

[21]  P. Brough,et al.  Lazarus and Folkman's Psychological Stress and Coping Theory , 2017 .

[22]  Lori B. Holcomb,et al.  The Use of Alternative Social Networking Sites in Higher Educational Settings: A Case Study of the E-Learning Benefits of Ning in Education , 2010 .

[23]  L. Cortina,et al.  Coping in context: sociocultural determinants of responses to sexual harassment. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[24]  Frithjof Staude-Müller,et al.  How stressful is online victimization? Effects of victim's personality and properties of the incident , 2012 .

[25]  Martin Weller,et al.  Academics and Social Networking Sites: Benefits, Problems and Tensions in Professional Engagement with Online Networking. , 2018 .

[26]  Gail A. Herndon The chronicle of higher education , 1977 .

[27]  Zahra Ashktorab,et al.  Identifying Women's Experiences With and Strategies for Mitigating Negative Effects of Online Harassment , 2017, CSCW.

[28]  Jennifer A. Scarduzio,et al.  Coping and Sexual Harassment: How Victims Cope across Multiple Settings , 2017, Archives of Sexual Behavior.

[29]  Royce Kimmons,et al.  Scholars in an increasingly open and digital world: How do education professors and students use Twitter? , 2016, Internet High. Educ..

[30]  Amanda Lenhart,et al.  Online Harassment, Digital Abuse, and Cyberstalking in America , 2016 .

[31]  Allison M. Schenk,et al.  Prevalence, Psychological Impact, and Coping of Cyberbully Victims Among College Students , 2012 .

[32]  A. Barak Sexual Harassment on the Internet , 2005 .

[33]  T. Nelson Violence against women. , 1996, World watch.

[34]  Anastasia Powell,et al.  Embodied Harms , 2015, Violence against women.

[35]  Anatoliy A. Gruzd,et al.  Connected scholars: Examining the role of social media in research practices of faculty using the UTAUT model , 2012, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[36]  Glen Whyte Manage Stress at Work through Preventive and Proactive Coping , 2017 .

[37]  Blessing Mbatha Global Transition in Higher Education: From the Traditional Model of Learning to a New Socially Mediated Model , 2014 .

[38]  G. Veletsianos,et al.  Scholars and faculty members' lived experiences in online social networks , 2013, Internet High. Educ..

[39]  J. Megarry Online incivility or sexual harassment? Conceptualising women's experiences in the digital age , 2014 .

[40]  Michele L. Ybarra,et al.  Examining Characteristics and Associated Distress Related to Internet Harassment: Findings From the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey , 2006, Pediatrics.

[41]  Anastasia Powell,et al.  Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence: A Literature Review of Empirical Research , 2018, Trauma, violence & abuse.

[42]  S. Merriam What Can You Tell from an N of 1?: Issues of Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research. , 1995 .

[43]  Carlos Cruz,et al.  Perpetuating online sexism offline: Anonymity, interactivity, and the effects of sexist hashtags on social media , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[44]  Robert S. Tokunaga,et al.  Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[45]  A. Hochschild,et al.  The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. , 1985 .

[46]  A. Wharton,et al.  The Sociology of Emotional Labor , 2009 .

[47]  Sarah Baker,et al.  How many qualitative interviews is enough , 2012 .

[48]  S. Folkman,et al.  Stress, appraisal, and coping , 1974 .

[49]  M. Jackson,et al.  Cyberbullying among University Students: Gendered Experiences, Impacts, and Perspectives , 2014 .

[50]  N. Henry,et al.  Beyond the ‘sext’: Technology-facilitated sexual violence and harassment against adult women , 2015 .

[51]  Stine Eckert,et al.  Fighting for recognition: Online abuse of women bloggers in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States , 2018, New Media Soc..

[52]  Mike Thelwall,et al.  Research dissemination and invocation on the Web , 2002, Online Inf. Rev..

[53]  Anastasia Salter,et al.  Hypermasculinity & Dickwolves: The Contentious Role of Women in the New Gaming Public , 2012 .

[54]  Y. Khaliq,et al.  Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans , 2012 .