Is Helmholtz's theory of accommodation correct?

Although Helmholtz's theory of accommodation has been universally accepted, recent observations have called it into question. Helmholtz's theory is not consistent with the clinical observations of the effect of gravity on the crystalline lens, with changes in spherical aberration during accommodation or in refraction with presbyopia, or with the histological changes of the ciliary muscle with age. This article proposes a theory of accommodation that is consistent with all the above observations.