Smart grid sensor data collection, communication, and networking: a tutorial

The smart grid is an innovative energy network that will improve the conventional electrical grid network to be more reliable, cooperative, responsive, and economical. Within the context of the new capabilities, advanced data sensing, communication, and networking technology will play a significant role in shaping the future of the smart grid. The smart grid will require a flexible and efficient framework to ensure the collection of timely and accurate information from various locations in power grid to provide continuous and reliable operation. This article presents a tutorial on the sensor data collection, communications, and networking issues for the smart grid. First, the applications of data sensing in the smart grid are reviewed. Then, the requirements for data sensing and collection, the corresponding sensors and actuators, and the communication and networking architecture are discussed. The communication technologies and the data communication network architecture and protocols for the smart grid are described. Next, different emerging techniques for data sensing, communications, and sensor data networking are reviewed. The issues related to security of data sensing and communications in the smart grid are then discussed. To this end, the standardization activities and use cases related to data sensing and communications in the smart grid are summarized. Finally, several open issues and challenges are outlined. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[1]  O.A. Gonzalez,et al.  Performance analysis of hybrid broadband access technologies using PLC and Wi-Fi , 2005, 2005 International Conference on Wireless Networks, Communications and Mobile Computing.

[2]  Sebnem Rusitschka,et al.  Smart Grid Data Cloud: A Model for Utilizing Cloud Computing in the Smart Grid Domain , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[3]  Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy,et al.  Enhanced wide area monitoring system , 2010, 2010 Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT).

[4]  陈光华,et al.  IEEE Std 1588-2008精确时间同步协议行业规范在电力系统的应用研究 , 2015 .

[5]  Michele Zorzi,et al.  The Deployment of a Smart Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[6]  T. M. Jahns,et al.  System identification-based lead-acid battery online monitoring system for electric vehicles , 2010, 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[7]  Nada Golmie,et al.  NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0 , 2010 .

[8]  H. T. Mouftah,et al.  Design of a delay-sensitive WSN for wind generation monitoring in the smart grid , 2011, 2011 24th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering(CCECE).

[9]  Alfredo Vaccaro,et al.  The role of pervasive and cooperative Sensor Networks in Smart Grids communication , 2010, Melecon 2010 - 2010 15th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference.

[10]  Yang Wang,et al.  Reliability Analysis of Wide-Area Measurement System , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[11]  Zhidong Zhang,et al.  Research on Transmission Data System of Smart Grid based on IPv6 DiffServ Model , 2010, 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[12]  Demetrios G. Eliades,et al.  Placement of Synchronized Measurements for Power System Observability , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[13]  Husheng Li,et al.  A denial-of-service jamming game for remote state monitoring in smart grid , 2011, 2011 45th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems.

[14]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Medium access control with coordinated adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[15]  Hamid Sharif,et al.  A secure and reliable in-network collaborative communication scheme for advanced metering infrastructure in smart grid , 2011, 2011 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[16]  Antonio Capone,et al.  Forecasting the usage of household appliances through power meter sensors for demand management in the smart grid , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[17]  A. Vaccaro,et al.  Cooperative sensor networks for voltage quality monitoring in smart grids , 2009, 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech.

[18]  L. Tong,et al.  Malicious Data Attacks on Smart Grid State Estimation: Attack Strategies and Countermeasures , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[19]  Stamatis Karnouskos,et al.  Event-driven IPv6 communication for the smart grid infrastructure , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems and Workshops (DCOSS).

[20]  Amiya Nayak,et al.  Transport protocol for smart grid infrastructure , 2010, 2010 Second International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN).

[21]  Henrik Sandberg,et al.  Challenges in Power System Information Security , 2012, IEEE Security & Privacy.

[22]  Kang Lee,et al.  IEEE 1588 standard for a precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems , 2002, 2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,.

[23]  Miroslav Husak,et al.  Wireless sensor system for overhead line ampacity monitoring , 2010, The Eighth International Conference on Advanced Semiconductor Devices and Microsystems.

[24]  H. Louie,et al.  Cache Energy Control for Storage: Power System Integration and Education Based on Analogies Derived From Computer Engineering , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[25]  A. Vojdani,et al.  Smart Integration , 2008, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[26]  Katia Obraczka,et al.  Energy-efficient collision-free medium access control for wireless sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[27]  T. Sauter,et al.  Secure and reliable wide-area power-line communication for soft-real-time applications within REMPLI , 2005, International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications, 2005..

[28]  Gerhard P. Hancke,et al.  Opportunities and Challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Grid , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[29]  Husheng Li,et al.  Compressed Meter Reading for Delay-Sensitive and Secure Load Report in Smart Grid , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[30]  G.T. Heydt,et al.  A Distributed State Estimator Utilizing Synchronized Phasor Measurements , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[31]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[32]  E. Candès,et al.  Stable signal recovery from incomplete and inaccurate measurements , 2005, math/0503066.

[33]  Jen-Hao Teng,et al.  Development of a smart power meter for AMI based on ZigBee communication , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS).

[34]  Khosrow Moslehi,et al.  Power System Control Centers: Past, Present, and Future , 2005, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[35]  Kemal Ertugrul Tepe,et al.  Design and implementation of a cross-platform sensor network for smart grid transmission line monitoring , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[36]  Rikiya Abe,et al.  Digital Grid: Communicative electrical grids of the future , 2010, 2010 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe).

[37]  H. Farhangi,et al.  The path of the smart grid , 2010, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[38]  Alhussein A. Abouzeid,et al.  RPL Based Routing for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops.

[39]  季超,et al.  Centralized control type monitoring system of electricity meter based on BACnet (a data communication protocol for building automation and control networks) , 2009 .

[40]  Emmanuel J. Candès,et al.  Near-Optimal Signal Recovery From Random Projections: Universal Encoding Strategies? , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[41]  Incheol Shin,et al.  An Efficient Message Authentication for Non-repudiation of the Smart Metering Service , 2011, 2011 First ACIS/JNU International Conference on Computers, Networks, Systems and Industrial Engineering.

[42]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing , 2001, MobiCom '01.

[43]  Sioe T. Mak.  Sensor data output requirements for Smart Grid applications , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[44]  Young-Jin Kim,et al.  A secure decentralized data-centric information infrastructure for smart grid , 2010, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[45]  Xiao Lu,et al.  Machine-to-machine communications for home energy management system in smart grid , 2011, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[46]  Jerome P. Lynch,et al.  Structural monitoring of wind turbines using wireless sensor networks , 2010 .

[47]  S. Frick,et al.  Compressed Sensing , 2014, Computer Vision, A Reference Guide.

[48]  Kenji Yamada,et al.  Dynamic Data Forwarding in Wireless Mesh Networks , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[49]  J. Giri,et al.  Wanted: A more intelligent grid , 2009, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[50]  John Heidemann,et al.  RMST: reliable data transport in sensor networks , 2003, Proceedings of the First IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications, 2003..

[51]  Wendi B. Heinzelman,et al.  Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks , 1999, MobiCom.

[52]  Nei Kato,et al.  Toward intelligent machine-to-machine communications in smart grid , 2011, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[53]  Lang Tong,et al.  Limiting false data attacks on power system state estimation , 2010, 2010 44th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS).

[54]  Carsten Bormann,et al.  The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) , 2014, RFC.

[55]  Min Chen,et al.  Energy Efficient Security Algorithm for Power Grid Wide Area Monitoring System , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[56]  Hussein T. Mouftah,et al.  Wireless Sensor Networks for smart grid applications , 2011, 2011 Saudi International Electronics, Communications and Photonics Conference (SIECPC).

[57]  Jerome P. Lynch,et al.  A wireless structural health monitoring system with multithreaded sensing devices: design and validation , 2007 .

[58]  Parag Kulkarni,et al.  A self-organising mesh networking solution based on enhanced RPL for smart metering communications , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks.

[59]  T. Baldwin,et al.  Power system observability with minimal phasor measurement placement , 1993 .

[60]  A. Abur,et al.  Multi area state estimation using synchronized phasor measurements , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[61]  Randy L. Ekl,et al.  Security Technology for Smart Grid Networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[62]  S. Chakrabarti,et al.  A Constrained Formulation for Hybrid State Estimation , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[63]  Zhongwei Sun,et al.  Access Control For Distribution Automation Using Ethernet Passive Optical Network , 2010, 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[64]  David P. Varodayan,et al.  Redundant Metering for Integrity with Information-Theoretic Confidentiality , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[65]  Luigi Coppolino,et al.  Security issues of a phasor data concentrator for smart grid infrastructure , 2011, EWDC '11.

[66]  Urbashi Mitra,et al.  Optimal allocation of heterogeneous smart grid traffic to heterogeneous networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[67]  Bin Hu,et al.  Multigate Communication Network for Smart Grid , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[68]  Glenn H. Chapman,et al.  Massively Deployable Intelligent Sensors for the Smart Power Grid , 2010, 2010 IEEE 25th International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems.

[69]  A. Abur,et al.  Observability analysis and measurement placement for systems with PMUs , 2004, IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2004..

[70]  R. Benato,et al.  Application of PLC for the Control and the Protection of Future Distribution Networks , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications.

[71]  David D Haynes.  A Case for Optimized Protocols in the Creation of a Smarter Grid , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[72]  A. Moreno-Munoz,et al.  Application of smart sensors to the measurement of power quality , 2008, 2008 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference.

[73]  Nisheeth Shrivastava,et al.  Information Aggregation and Optimized Actuation in Sensor Networks: Enabling Smart Electrical Grids , 2007, IEEE INFOCOM 2007 - 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[74]  D. Fischer,et al.  Developing a communication infrastructure for the Smart Grid , 2009, 2009 IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference (EPEC).

[75]  Pramode K. Verma,et al.  A proposed communications infrastructure for the smart grid , 2010, 2010 Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT).

[76]  Masahiro Inoue,et al.  Network architecture for home energy management system , 2003, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron..

[77]  Frank C. Lambert,et al.  A survey on communication networks for electric system automation , 2006, Comput. Networks.

[78]  Emmanuel J. Candès,et al.  Robust uncertainty principles: exact signal reconstruction from highly incomplete frequency information , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[79]  Alvaro Paricio Garcia,et al.  An intelligent agent-based distributed architecture for Smart-Grid integrated network management , 2010, IEEE Local Computer Network Conference.

[80]  Ali Feliachi,et al.  Communication delays in wide area measurement systems , 2002, Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory (Cat. No.02EX540).

[81]  Dmitry Podkuiko,et al.  Energy Theft in the Advanced Metering Infrastructure , 2009, CRITIS.

[82]  Tao Zhang,et al.  Study on security of Wireless Sensor Networks in smart grid , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Power System Technology.

[83]  Peng Ning,et al.  False data injection attacks against state estimation in electric power grids , 2009, CCS.

[84]  Zhidong Zhang,et al.  New IP QoS Algorithm Applying for Communication Sub-Networks in Smart Grid , 2010, 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[85]  Mathias Uslar,et al.  Views on Service Oriented Architectures in the Context of Smart Grids , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[86]  M. Ribbens-Pavella,et al.  A Two-Level Static State Estimator for Electric Power Systems , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[87]  Paul Beckett,et al.  Enhancing powerline communications in the “Smart Grid” using OFDMA , 2009, 2009 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference.

[88]  George N Korres,et al.  A Distributed Multiarea State Estimation , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[89]  T. Van Cutsem,et al.  Critical Survey of Hierarchical Methods for State Estimation of Electric Power Systems , 1983, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[90]  Marija D. Ilic,et al.  Model predictive dispatch in electric energy systems with intermittent resources , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics.

[91]  Özgür B. Akan,et al.  ESRT: event-to-sink reliable transport in wireless sensor networks , 2003, MobiHoc '03.

[92]  Changhua Zhang,et al.  New type of fiber optic sensor network for smart grid interface of transmission system , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[93]  Panayotis G. Cottis,et al.  Wireless-broadband over power lines networks: A promising broadband solution in rural areas , 2009, 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech.

[94]  Stjepan Sucic,et al.  Utilizing SOA-ready devices for virtual power plant control in semantic-enabled Smart Grid Analyzing IEC 61850 and OPC UA integration methodology , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[95]  Lutz H.-J. Lampe,et al.  Power line communication networks for large-scale control and automation systems , 2010, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[96]  A.G. Phadke,et al.  Synchronized phasor measurements in power systems , 1993, IEEE Computer Applications in Power.

[97]  Hamid Gharavi.  Smart Grid: The Electric Energy System of the Future , 2011 .

[98]  William H. Sanders,et al.  Intrusion Detection for Advanced Metering Infrastructures: Requirements and Architectural Directions , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[99]  Bruno Sinopoli,et al.  False Data Injection Attacks in Electricity Markets , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[100]  Chieh-Yih Wan,et al.  PSFQ: a reliable transport protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2002, WSNA '02.

[101]  Le Xie,et al.  A framework for distributed decision making in electric energy systems with intermittent resources , 2009 .

[102]  Mauro Biagi,et al.  Location Assisted Routing Techniques for Power Line Communication in Smart Grids , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[103]  JeongGil Ko,et al.  Connecting low-power and lossy networks to the internet , 2011, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[104]  Bernard Tourancheau,et al.  A Communication Stack over PLC for Multi Physical Layer IPv6 Networking , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[105]  Lifen Li,et al.  Link scheduling and Data Forwarding in Wireless Sensor Networks of long chains tree topology , 2010 .

[106]  Younghwan Yoo,et al.  Design and Implementation of MAC Protocol for SmartGrid HAN Environment , 2011, 2011 IEEE 11th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology.

[107]  Injong Rhee,et al.  Z-MAC: a hybrid MAC for wireless sensor networks , 2005, SenSys '05.

[108]  M. Dohler,et al.  Secure Lossless Aggregation for Smart Grid M2M Networks , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[109]  Wen Liu,et al.  SAW temperature sensors system for smart electric grid , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium.

[110]  Johan Morren,et al.  Sensing and control challenges for Smart Grids , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control.

[111]  J. P. Vasseur,et al.  Applicability Study of RPL with Local Repair in Smart Grid Substation Networks , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[112]  V. O. K. Li,et al.  On Wireless Sensors Communication for Overhead Transmission Line Monitoring in Power Delivery Systems , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[113]  Zhe Chen,et al.  Cognitive Radio Network for the Smart Grid: Experimental System Architecture, Control Algorithms, Security, and Microgrid Testbed , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[114]  Ana Cabello,et al.  Distribution Network as communication system , 2008 .

[115]  David Roman,et al.  How to design a communication network over distribution networks , 2009 .

[116]  I-Tai Lu,et al.  Cognitive Radio Based Wireless Sensor Network architecture for smart grid utility , 2011, 2011 IEEE Long Island Systems, Applications and Technology Conference.

[117]  A. Bose,et al.  A failure to communicate: next generation communication requirements, technologies, and architecture for the electric power grid , 2005, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[118]  M. Morbel,et al.  Monitoring of lead acid batteries Continuous measurement of the acid concentration , 2005, INTELEC 05 - Twenty-Seventh International Telecommunications Conference.

[119]  Victor C. M. Leung,et al.  A survey of technical requirements and consumer application standards for IP-based smart grid AMI network , 2011, The International Conference on Information Networking 2011 (ICOIN2011).

[120]  Klara Nahrstedt,et al.  Cooperative congestion control in power grid communication networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[121]  Arun G. Phadke,et al.  Synchronized phasor measurements-a historical overview , 2002, IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition.

[122]  Yi Yang,et al.  A Survey on Technologies for Implementing Sensor Networks for Power Delivery Systems , 2007, 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.

[123]  Wei Sun,et al.  Quality of Service Networking for Smart Grid Distribution Monitoring , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.