Topologies and control strategies of very high frequency converters: A survey

with the fast development of power electronics, very high frequency (VHF) power converters (30-300 MHz) gradually become research focus, which can greatly reduce the value, volume of passive components and help to improve the system power density. However, at such high operating frequency, many challenges have been proposed, such as switching characteristics, topologies characteristics and control methods. This paper starts from the development background of VHF power converters, and an overview of VHF development is described. Different topologies adopted in VHF condition are introduced and compared. At the same time, the resonant driving strategies and control methods for very high frequency converters are discussed and analyzed, which can provide guidance for further research of VHF converters.

[1]  Jung-Ik Ha,et al.  Single-Switch High-Frequency DC–DC Converter Using Parasitic Components , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[2]  D. Perreault,et al.  A very high frequency dc-dc converter based on a class Φ2 resonant inverter , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[3]  Tamotsu Ninomiya,et al.  Combined PWM and PFM control for universal line voltage of a piezoelectric transformer off-line converter , 2003 .

[4]  Michael A. E. Andersen,et al.  Self-oscillating resonant gate drive for resonant inverters and rectifiers composed solely of passive components , 2014, 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2014.

[5]  Jung-Ik Ha,et al.  A Family of High-Frequency Single-Switch DC–DC Converters With Low Switch Voltage Stress Based on Impedance Networks , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[6]  Michael A. E. Andersen,et al.  A VHF interleaved self-oscillating resonant SEPIC converter with phase-shift burst-mode control , 2014, 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2014.

[7]  Charles R. Sullivan,et al.  Evaluation of magnetic materials for very high frequency power applications , 2008, PESC 2008.

[8]  D. Boroyevich,et al.  Loss Characterization and Calculation of Nanocrystalline Cores for High-Frequency Magnetics Applications , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[9]  D.J. Perreault,et al.  Very High Frequency Resonant Boost Converters , 2007, 2007 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[10]  Yehui Han,et al.  A High-Frequency Resonant Inverter Topology with Low Voltage Stress , 2007, PESC 2007.

[11]  D.J. Perreault,et al.  Synthesis of Lumped Transmission-Line Analogs , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[12]  Olivia Leitermann,et al.  Radio frequency dc-dc converters : device characterization, topology evaluation, and design , 2008 .

[13]  James Raymond Warren,et al.  Cell modulated DC/DC converter , 2005 .

[14]  Xiaoyong Ren,et al.  A Digital Adaptive Driving Scheme for eGaN HEMTs in VHF Converters , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[15]  Chucheng Xiao,et al.  An Investigation of Fundamental Frequency Limitations for HF/VHF Power Conversion , 2006 .

[16]  R. D. De Doncker,et al.  Calculation of losses in ferro- and ferrimagnetic materials based on the modified Steinmetz equation , 1999, Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370).

[17]  P. J. Baxandall,et al.  Transistor sine-wave LC oscillators. Some general considerations and new developments , 1959 .

[18]  W. Cheng,et al.  Influence of Cu underlayer on the high-frequency magnetic properties of FeCoSiO thin films , 2015, 2015 IEEE Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG).

[19]  Ned Mohan,et al.  Design and comparison of high frequency transformers using foil and round windings , 2014, 2014 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Hiroshima 2014 - ECCE ASIA).

[20]  Jan Abraham Ferreira,et al.  A novel and simple method to distinguish winding loss from inductor loss under practical excitations , 2013, IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[21]  M. J. Chudobiak.  The use of parasitic nonlinear capacitors in class E amplifiers , 1994 .

[22]  Xiaoyong Ren,et al.  Three-Level Gate Drivers for eGaN HEMTs in Resonant Converters , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[23]  F.T. Dickens,et al.  A new family of resonant rectifier circuits for high frequency DC-DC converter applications , 1988, APEC '88 Third Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition.

[24]  Jungwon Choi,et al.  Comparison of SiC and eGaN devices in a 6.78 MHz 2.2 kW resonant inverter for wireless power transfer , 2016, 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE).

[25]  Juan M. Rivas,et al.  Performance evaluation of diodes in 27.12 MHz Class-D resonant rectifiers under high voltage and high slew rate conditions , 2014, 2014 IEEE 15th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL).

[26]  Jingying Hu,et al.  High frequency resonant SEPIC converter with wide input and output voltage ranges , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[27]  Dragan Maksimovic,et al.  A MOS gate drive with resonant transitions , 1991, PESC '91 Record 22nd Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[28]  C.R. Sullivan,et al.  Improved calculation of core loss with nonsinusoidal waveforms , 2001, Conference Record of the 2001 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. 36th IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37248).

[29]  Charles R. Sullivan,et al.  AC resistance of planar power inductors and the quasidistributed gap technique , 2001 .

[30]  Charles R. Sullivan,et al.  Accurate prediction of ferrite core loss with nonsinusoidal waveforms using only Steinmetz parameters , 2002, 2002 IEEE Workshop on Computers in Power Electronics, 2002. Proceedings..

[31]  Yuan Zhou,et al.  Analysis and Decoupling Design of a 30 MHz Resonant SEPIC Converter , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[32]  A. Huang.  New unipolar switching power device figures of merit , 2004, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[33]  Wei Liang,et al.  Low-Mass RF Power Inverter for CubeSat Applications Using 3-D Printed Inductors , 2017, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[34]  F. Raab.  Maximum efficiency and output of class-F power amplifiers , 2001 .

[35]  David A. Jackson,et al.  Design and characterization of a radio-frequency dc/dc power converter , 2005 .

[36]  J. H. Spreen,et al.  Electrical terminal representation of conductor loss in transformers , 1990 .

[37]  Charles R. Sullivan,et al.  Opportunities and Challenges in Very High Frequency Power Conversion , 2009, 2009 Twenty-Fourth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition.

[38]  Nathan O. Sokal.  Class-E High-Efficiency RF/Microwave Power Amplifiers: Principles of Operation, Design Procedures, and Experimental Verification , 2003 .

[39]  Jyh-Chyurn Guo,et al.  The impact of layout dependent stress and gate resistance on high frequency performance and noise in multifinger and donut MOSFETs , 2013, 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT).

[40]  Juan Rivas-Davila,et al.  A design methodology for class-D resonant rectifier with parallel LC tank , 2016, 2016 IEEE 17th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL).

[41]  Anthony Sagneri,et al.  Design of a Very High Frequency dc-dc Boost Converter , 2007 .

[42]  Arnold Knott,et al.  Investigation, development and verification of printed circuit board embedded air-core solenoid transformers , 2015, 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[43]  Xiaoyong Ren,et al.  A 10-MHz eGaN Isolated Class-Φ2 DCX , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[44]  Michael A. E. Andersen,et al.  Outphasing control of gallium nitride based very high frequency resonant converters , 2015, 2015 IEEE 16th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL).

[45]  Anthony Sagneri,et al.  Design of miniaturized radio-frequency DC-DC power converters , 2012 .

[46]  D.J. Perreault,et al.  New architectures for radio-frequency DC/DC power conversion , 2004, 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551).

[47]  Jeffrey H. Lang,et al.  Radio-Frequency Inverters With Transmission-Line Input Networks , 2007 .

[48]  C.R. Sullivan,et al.  Multi-layer folded high-frequency toroidal inductor windings , 2008, 2008 Twenty-Third Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition.

[49]  S. Birca-Galateanu,et al.  Class E half-wave low d/spl nu//dt rectifier operating in a range of frequencies around resonance , 1995 .

[50]  I. D. de Vries,et al.  A resonant power MOSFET/IGBT gate driver , 2002, APEC 2002.

[51]  J.A. Melkebeek,et al.  Gate drive circuit for zero-voltage-switching half- and full-bridge converters , 2001, Conference Record of the 2001 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. 36th IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37248).

[52]  D. C. Hamill.  Half bridge class DE rectifier , 1995 .

[53]  Weidong Li,et al.  Design and Fabrication of Low-Loss Toroidal Air-Core Inductors , 2007, 2007 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[54]  F. C. Lee,et al.  A novel resonant gate driver for high frequency synchronous buck converters , 2002 .

[55]  Harry E. Ruda,et al.  Load–Source Matching With Dielectric Isolation in High-Frequency Switch-Mode Power Supplies , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[56]  D. Perreault,et al.  Design Considerations for Very High Frequency dc-dc Converters , 2006 .

[57]  Robert C. N. Pilawa-Podgurski,et al.  Design and evaluation of a very high frequency dc/dc converter , 2007 .

[58]  Tatsuya Nakamura,et al.  Snoek’s limit in high-frequency permeability of polycrystalline Ni–Zn, Mg–Zn, and Ni–Zn–Cu spinel ferrites , 2000 .

[59]  M. Andersen,et al.  Very high frequency half bridge DC/DC converter , 2014, 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2014.

[60]  Juan Rivas,et al.  Radio frequency dc-dc power conversion , 2006 .

[61]  D.J. Perreault,et al.  Transistor Selection and Design of a VHF DC-DC Power Converter , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[62]  Jan Abraham Ferreira,et al.  Effects of scaling high frequency transformer parameters , 1997, IAS '97. Conference Record of the 1997 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Thirty-Second IAS Annual Meeting.

[63]  Nathan O. Sokal,et al.  Class of High-Efficiency Tuned Switching Power Amplifiers , 2009 .

[64]  Joshua W. Phinney,et al.  Multi-resonant passive components for power conversion , 2005 .

[65]  Yehui Han.  Circuits and passive components for radio-frequency power conversion , 2010 .

[66]  Donchul Choi,et al.  Effect of Organic Fuel on High-Frequency Magnetic Properties of Fe–Al2O3 Composite Powders Synthesized by a Combustion Method , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[67]  F. Raab.  Class-F power amplifiers with maximally flat waveforms , 1997 .

[68]  Praglin Max,et al.  Inductance cancellation in RF resonant power converters , 2016 .