Myocardial T1 mapping.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance is a well-established tool for the quantification of focal fibrosis. With the introduction of T1 mapping, diffuse myocardial processes can be detected and quantified. In particular, infiltration and storage disorders with large disease-related changes, and diffuse fibrosis where measurement is harder but the potential impact larger. This has added a new dimension to the understanding and assessment of various myocardial diseases. T1 mapping promises to detect early disease, quantify disease severity and provide prognostic insights into certain conditions. It also has the potential to be a robust surrogate marker in drug development trials to monitor therapeutic response and be a prognostic marker in certain diseases. T1 mapping is an evolving field and numerous factors currently preclude its standardization. In this review, we describe the current status of T1 mapping and its potential promises and pitfalls.

[1]  S. Heymans,et al.  Replacement and reactive myocardial fibrosis in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with right ventricular biopsy , 2010, European journal of heart failure.

[2]  M. Beer,et al.  Impact of Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Symptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis , 2009, Circulation.

[3]  David M Higgins,et al.  Modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) for high‐resolution T1 mapping of the heart , 2004, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[4]  L. Ling,et al.  Diffuse Ventricular Fibrosis Is a Late Outcome of Tachycardia-Mediated Cardiomyopathy After Successful Ablation , 2013, Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology.

[5]  Dudley J Pennell,et al.  Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[6]  Dudley J. Pennell,et al.  Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance , 2010, Circulation.

[7]  Richard B. Thompson,et al.  Accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of four T1 mapping sequences: a head-to-head comparison of MOLLI, ShMOLLI, SASHA, and SAPPHIRE. , 2014, Radiology.

[8]  W. Kim,et al.  Mass Reduction and Functional Improvement of the Left Ventricle after Aortic Valve Replacement for Degenerative Aortic Stenosis , 2011, The Korean journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[9]  M. Hayward,et al.  Equilibrium Contrast Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for the Measurement of Diffuse Myocardial Fibrosis: Preliminary Validation in Humans , 2010, Circulation.

[10]  S. Neubauer,et al.  Evaluation and management of the cardiac amyloidosis. , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[11]  G. Maurer,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Postcontrast T 1 Time Is Associated With Outcome in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction , 2022 .

[12]  P. Kellman,et al.  Extracellular volume imaging by magnetic resonance imaging provides insights into overt and sub-clinical myocardial pathology. , 2012, European heart journal.

[13]  Andrew S Flett,et al.  Comparison of T1 mapping techniques for ECV quantification. Histological validation and reproducibility of ShMOLLI versus multibreath-hold T1 quantification equilibrium contrast CMR , 2012, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[14]  M. Friedrich,et al.  Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Myocarditis , 2013, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[15]  J. Townend,et al.  Defining the natural history of uremic cardiomyopathy in chronic kidney disease: the role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. , 2014, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[16]  Reza Razavi,et al.  Native T1 mapping in differentiation of normal myocardium from diffuse disease in hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy. , 2013, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[17]  Steffen Ringgaard,et al.  Assessment of intramyocardial hemorrhage by T1-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance in reperfused acute myocardial infarction , 2012, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[18]  C. Kramer,et al.  Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Applications in Daily Practice , 2011 .

[19]  C. Wanner,et al.  Fabry disease and the heart. , 2015, Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism.

[20]  L. Ling,et al.  Diffuse ventricular fibrosis in atrial fibrillation: noninvasive evaluation and relationships with aging and systolic dysfunction. , 2012, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[21]  A. Flett,et al.  Quantification of Myocardial Extracellular Volume Fraction in Systemic AL Amyloidosis: An Equilibrium Contrast Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Study , 2013, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[22]  P. Matthews,et al.  Subclinical myocardial inflammation and diffuse fibrosis are common in systemic sclerosis – a clinical study using myocardial T1-mapping and extracellular volume quantification , 2014, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[23]  James O. Mudd,et al.  T1 Mapping in cardiomyopathy at cardiac MR: comparison with endomyocardial biopsy. , 2012, Radiology.

[24]  Andrew S Flett,et al.  Cardiovascular magnetic resonance measurement of myocardial extracellular volume in health and disease , 2012, Heart.

[25]  M. Robson,et al.  Noncontrast T1 mapping for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. , 2013, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[26]  S. K. White,et al.  Identification and Assessment of Anderson-Fabry Disease by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Noncontrast Myocardial T1 Mapping , 2013, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[27]  P. Weale,et al.  Optimization and comparison of myocardial T1 techniques at 3T in patients with aortic stenosis , 2013, European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging.

[28]  Pierre Croisille,et al.  Assessment of myocardial fibrosis with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[29]  Matthew W. Darlison,et al.  Improved survival of thalassaemia major in the UK and relation to T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance , 2008, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[30]  S. Neubauer,et al.  The Prognostic Value of Late Gadolinium Enhancement CMR in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathies , 2012, Current Cardiology Reports.

[31]  B. Prendergast,et al.  Rationale and design of the PRognostic Importance of MIcrovascular Dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with Aortic Stenosis (PRIMID-AS): a multicentre observational study with blinded investigations , 2013, BMJ Open.

[32]  G. Maurer,et al.  Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Postcontrast T1 Time Is Associated With Outcome in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction , 2013, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[33]  D. Kaye,et al.  Histological validation of cardiac magnetic resonance analysis of regional and diffuse interstitial myocardial fibrosis. , 2015, European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging.

[34]  S. Nattel,et al.  Atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[35]  C. Jellis,et al.  Myocardial T1 mapping: modalities and clinical applications. , 2013, Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy.

[36]  Michael Jerosch-Herold,et al.  Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial contrast uptake and blood flow in patients affected with idiopathic or familial dilated cardiomyopathy. , 2008, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[37]  M. Robson,et al.  T1 mapping for myocardial extracellular volume measurement by CMR: bolus only versus primed infusion technique. , 2013, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[38]  R. Fimmers,et al.  Acute myocarditis: multiparametric cardiac MR imaging. , 2014, Radiology.

[39]  Sandeep N. Gupta,et al.  Evaluation of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with cardiac magnetic resonance contrast-enhanced T1 mapping. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[40]  E. Nagel,et al.  Native Myocardial T1 Mapping by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Subclinical Cardiomyopathy in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus , 2013, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[41]  Peter Kellman,et al.  Extracellular volume fraction mapping in the myocardium, part 1: evaluation of an automated method , 2012, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[42]  U. Sechtem,et al.  Myocardial fibrosis imaging based on T1-mapping and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) measurement in muscular dystrophy patients: diagnostic value compared with conventional late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging. , 2014, European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging.

[43]  Mehmet Akçakaya,et al.  Combined saturation/inversion recovery sequences for improved evaluation of scar and diffuse fibrosis in patients with arrhythmia or heart rate variability , 2014, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[44]  M. Robson,et al.  Native T1-mapping detects the location, extent and patterns of acute myocarditis without the need for gadolinium contrast agents , 2014, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[45]  S. Plein,et al.  Myocardial T1 mapping: Application to patients with acute and chronic myocardial infarction , 2007, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[46]  Stefan Neubauer,et al.  Dynamic Changes of Edema and Late Gadolinium Enhancement After Acute Myocardial Infarction and Their Relationship to Functional Recovery and Salvage Index , 2011, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[47]  Andrew J Taylor,et al.  Magnetic resonance post-contrast T1 mapping in the human atrium: validation and impact on clinical outcome after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. , 2014, Heart rhythm.

[48]  O. Simonetti,et al.  Direct T2 quantification of myocardial edema in acute ischemic injury. , 2011, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[49]  Stefan L. Zimmerman,et al.  Cardiac magnetic resonance T1 mapping of left atrial myocardium. , 2013, Heart rhythm.

[50]  S. K. White,et al.  Native T1 mapping in transthyretin amyloidosis. , 2014, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[51]  Richard B. Thompson,et al.  T1 Mapping With Cardiovascular MRI Is Highly Sensitive for Fabry Disease Independent of Hypertrophy and Sex , 2013, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[52]  P. Elliott,et al.  Anderson-Fabry disease and the heart. , 2010, Progress in cardiovascular diseases.

[53]  E. Nagel,et al.  Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols, society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance: board of trustees task force on standardized protocols , 2008, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[54]  A. Dart,et al.  Acute left ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction: coupling of regional healing with remote extracellular matrix expansion. , 2012, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[55]  Sung Ho Hwang,et al.  Diagnosis of Acute Global Myocarditis Using Cardiac MRI with Quantitative T1 and T2 Mapping: Case Report and Literature Review , 2013, Korean journal of radiology.

[56]  A. Taylor,et al.  Diffuse myocardial fibrosis in severe aortic stenosis: an equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. , 2012, European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging.

[57]  P. Kellman,et al.  T1-mapping in the heart: accuracy and precision , 2014, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[58]  D. Look,et al.  Time Saving in Measurement of NMR and EPR Relaxation Times , 1970 .

[59]  Yong-Jin Kim,et al.  Assessment of diffuse myocardial fibrosis by using MR imaging in asymptomatic patients with aortic stenosis. , 2015, Radiology.

[60]  L. Kuller,et al.  Myocardial extracellular volume fraction quantified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance is increased in diabetes and associated with mortality and incident heart failure admission. , 2014, European heart journal.

[61]  Jennifer Taylor,et al.  ESC/EACTS Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease. , 2012, European heart journal.

[62]  Andrew S Flett,et al.  Human non-contrast T1 values and correlation with histology in diffuse fibrosis , 2013, Heart.

[63]  S. K. White,et al.  Reproducibility of native myocardial T1 mapping in the assessment of Fabry disease and its role in early detection of cardiac involvement by cardiovascular magnetic resonance , 2014, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[64]  Andreas Greiser,et al.  Optimization and validation of a fully‐integrated pulse sequence for modified look‐locker inversion‐recovery (MOLLI) T1 mapping of the heart , 2007, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[65]  Stephane Heymans,et al.  Myocardial Extracellular Matrix: An Ever-Changing and Diverse Entity , 2014, Circulation research.

[66]  G. Faggian,et al.  Prognostic value of myocardial fibrosis in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis. , 2012, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[67]  P. Croisille,et al.  Quantification of myocardial extracellular volume fraction with cardiac MR imaging for early detection of left ventricle involvement in systemic sclerosis. , 2014, Radiology.

[68]  S. K. White,et al.  Normal variation of magnetic resonance T1 relaxation times in the human population at 1.5 T using ShMOLLI , 2013, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[69]  J. Moon,et al.  Review of T1 Mapping Methods: Comparative Effectiveness Including Reproducibility Issues , 2014, Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports.

[70]  S. K. White,et al.  Noncontrast myocardial T1 mapping using cardiovascular magnetic resonance for iron overload , 2015, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[71]  C. Jellis,et al.  Myocardial T1 mapping: modalities and clinical applications. , 2013, Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy.

[72]  L. Brunereau,et al.  Cardiac magnetic resonance T1 mapping pre and post contrast in heart transplant patients with clinical antibody-mediated rejection: a preliminary experience , 2014, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[73]  Stefan Neubauer,et al.  T(1) mapping for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis using CMR: comparison to T2-weighted and late gadolinium enhanced imaging. , 2013, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[74]  Helmut Baumgartner,et al.  Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease The Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology , 2007 .

[75]  J. Moon,et al.  Cardiac amyloid burden assessment by T1 mapping predicts survival in patients with systemic AL amyloidosis - a 2 year follow-up study , 2014, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[76]  R. Mitchell,et al.  Quantification of Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: Implications for Early Cardiac Remodeling , 2013, Circulation.

[77]  W. Tseng,et al.  CMR-verified diffuse myocardial fibrosis is associated with diastolic dysfunction in HFpEF. , 2014, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[78]  E. Cassinerio,et al.  An update on iron chelation therapy. , 2012, Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue.

[79]  M. Robson,et al.  Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification: a Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) and CMR Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology consensus statement , 2013, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[80]  Helen J. Lachmann,et al.  T1 mapping and survival in systemic light-chain amyloidosis , 2015, European heart journal.

[81]  Stefan Neubauer,et al.  Shortened Modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery (ShMOLLI) for clinical myocardial T1-mapping at 1.5 and 3 T within a 9 heartbeat breathhold , 2010, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[82]  Richard B Thompson,et al.  Saturation recovery single‐shot acquisition (SASHA) for myocardial T1 mapping , 2014, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[83]  Stefan Neubauer,et al.  Myocardial Tissue Characterization Using Magnetic Resonance Noncontrast T1 Mapping in Hypertrophic and Dilated Cardiomyopathy , 2012, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[84]  M. Robson,et al.  Non-contrast T1-mapping detects acute myocardial edema with high diagnostic accuracy: a comparison to T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance , 2012, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.