Statistical Dependency in Visual Scanning

A method to identify statistical dependencies in the positions of eye fixations is developed and applied to eye movement data from subjects who viewed dynamic displays of air traffic and judged future relative position of air craft. Analysis of approximately 23 000 fixations on points of interest on the display identified statistical dependencies in scanning that were independent of the physical placement of the points of interest. Identification of these dependencies is inconsistent with random-sampling-based theories used to model visual search and information seeking.

[1]  M. Tinker.  How People Look at Pictures. , 1936 .

[2]  L. Stark,et al.  Scanpaths in saccadic eye movements while viewing and recognizing patterns. , 1971, Vision research.

[3]  A. L. Yarbus,et al.  Eye Movements and Vision , 1967, Springer US.

[4]  J. Vaughan.  Control of fixation duration in visual search and memory search: another look. , 1982, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[5]  L. Stark,et al.  The trajectories of saccadic eye movements. , 1979, Scientific American.

[6]  K. Rayner,et al.  Eye Movement Control during Reading: Evidence for Direct Control , 1981, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[7]  Vision Research , 1961, Nature.

[8]  M. Braga,et al.  Exploratory Data Analysis , 2018, Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining. 2nd Ed..

[9]  H Herman Bouma,et al.  On the control of eye saccades in reading , 1974 .

[10]  L Stark,et al.  Eye Movements during the Viewing of Necker Cubes , 1978, Perception.

[11]  S. Jago,et al.  Perception of Horizontal Aircraft Separation on a Cockpit Display of Traffic Information , 1980 .

[12]  L Stark,et al.  Reply to Piggins , 1979, Perception.

[13]  P. H. Wewerinke.  A model of the human observer and decision maker , 1981 .

[14]  L. Brillouin,et al.  Science and information theory , 1956 .

[15]  S. Jago,et al.  Horizontal Conflict Resolution Maneuvers with a Cockpit Display of Traffic Information , 1981 .

[16]  Harry A. Verstynen.  Potential Roles for the Cockpit Traffic Display in the Evolving ATC System , 1980 .

[17]  F. L. Engel.  Visual conspicuity, visual search and fixation tendencies of the eye , 1977, Vision Research.

[18]  Karl-Friedrich Kraiss,et al.  Using Visual Lobe Area Measurements to Predict Visual Search Performance , 1982, Human factors.

[19]  S. R. Ellis,et al.  Pilot scanning patterns while viewing cockpit displays of traffic information , 1981 .

[20]  R. D. Smallwood.  Internal Models and the Human Instrument Monitor , 1967 .

[21]  E S KRENDEL,et al.  Search in an unstructured visual field. , 1960, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[22]  J P Papin,et al.  Pickup of visual information by the pilot during a ground control approach in a fighter aircraft simulator. , 1980, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[23]  Paul M. Fitts,et al.  Eye movements of aircraft pilots during instrument-landing approaches. , 1950 .

[24]  D. F. Fisher,et al.  Eye movements : cognition and visual perception , 1982 .

[25]  Randall L. Harris,et al.  Entropy, instrument scan and pilot workload , 1982 .

[26]  John W. Senders,et al.  A Re-Analysis of the Pilot Eye-Movement Data , 1966 .